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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2020 Aug 1;91(6):2063–2082. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13409

Table 1.

Participant Characteristics

Percentage of Sample (N = 126)
Child ethnicity
 European American 2.4%
 Hispanic White 93.7%
 Hispanic Black 2.4%
 African American 0.0%
 Other 1.6%
Mothers’ highest level of education (in any language)
 college degree or higher 53.2%
Fathers’ highest level of education (in any language)
 college degree or higher 45.20%
Mothers’ native countries
 Columbia 30.2%
 Peru 13.5%
 United States 11.9%
 Venezuela 9.5%
 Cuba 7.1%
 Argentina 4.8%
 Puerto Rico 3.2%
 Mexico 3.2%
 Dominican Republic 2.4%
 Spain 2.4%
 Other 11.8%
Fathers’ native countries
 United States 25.4%
 Columbia 15.9%
 Peru 11.1%
 Venezuela 9.5%
 Cuba 9.5%
 Argentina 6.5%
 Mexico 4.8%
 Dominican Republic 4.8%
 Puerto Rico 2.4%
 Other 10.1%
Single parent households (all mother only)
 At child age 2.5 years 7.1%
 At child age 5 years 11.9%

Note.

1

Other Spanish-speaking countries include Chile, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama, and Uruguay