. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2020 Aug 1;91(6):2063–2082. doi: 10.1111/cdev.13409

Table 4.

Zero-Order Associations Between Candidate Predictors and English and Spanish Vocabulary Scores at 2.5 and 5 Years

	Outcome measures
	2.5 years old		5 years old
Predictors	English Vocabulary	Spanish Vocabulary	English Vocabulary	Spanish Vocabulary
Gender¹	−.232^**	.012	−.039	−.036
Birth order¹	−.091	−.158	−.118	−.218^*
English phonological memory¹	.476^***	.227^*	.419^***	.143
Spanish phonological memory¹	.312^***	.409^***	.202^*	.351^***
Nonverbal IQ¹	.215^*	.021	.421^***	.027
Relative English input at home¹	.526^***	−.346^**	.397^***	−.512^***
Mother’s education in English²	6.45^**	na	6.25^**	na
Mother’s education in Spanish²	na	4.36^*	na	6.01^**
Father’s education in English²	4.34^*	na	6.34^**	na
Father’s education in Spanish²	na	< 1	na	< 1

Note.

Significant correlations in boldface.

Test of association is Pearson r.

Test of association is F(2, 125) based on a one-way ANOVA with three categories of education: No schooling in that language, schooling achieving less than a college degree, schooling achieving a college degree or more.

^***

p < .001

^**

p < .01

p < .05