Table 5.
Predicting English Expressive Vocabulary, as Measured by the EOWPVT, Between 2.5 and 5 Years, Estimates of Fixed Effects (and SEs) from a Series of Growth Models (N = 126)
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 3 p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intercept | 4.68 (1.12)*** | 7.78 (1.78)*** | 6.74 (1.65) | < .001 |
| Age | 8.26 (0.18)*** | 7.58 (1.14)*** | 8.59 (0.54) | < .001 |
| English Exposure | 0.12 (0.02)*** | 0.10 (0.03)*** | 0.10 (0.02) | < .001 |
| Gender | −1.74 (1.73) | −1.18 (1.57) | = .454 | |
| Phonological Memory in English | 0.14 (0.04)*** | 0.15 (0.03) | < .001 | |
| Nonverbal IQ | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.08 (0.05) | = .146 | |
| Mother Educated in English | −0.40 (3.45) | −0.21 (3.11) | = .946 | |
| Mother College Degree in English | 3.56 (3.50) | 3.75 (3.16) | = .238 | |
| Father Educated in English | 3.74 (2.76) | 4.72 (2.47) | = .058 | |
| Father College Degree in English | −4.11 (2.61) | −4.15 (2.36) | = .082 | |
| Age2 | 0.06 (0.22) | −0.07 (0.10) | = .704 | |
| Age × English Exposure | 0.02 (0.02) | |||
| Age × Gender | 0.09 (1.12) | |||
| Age × Phonological Memory in English | 0.02 (0.02) | |||
| Age × Nonverbal IQ | 0.10 (0.04)** | 0.04 (0.01) | < .001 | |
| Age × Mother Educated in English | 0.58 (2.18) | |||
| Age × Mother College Degree in English | 0.27 (2.21) | |||
| Age × Father Educated in English | 1.83 (1.88) | |||
| Age × Father College Degree in English | −1.08 (1.77) | |||
| Age2 × English Exposure | −0.01 (0.00) | |||
| Age2 × Gender | 0.10 (0.21) | |||
| Age2 × Phonological Memory in English | 0.00 (0.00) | |||
| Age2 × Nonverbal IQ | −0.01 (0.01) | |||
| Age2 × Mother Educated in English | −0.14 (0.42) | |||
| Age2 × Mother College Degree in English | −0.05 (0.42) | |||
| Age2 × Father Educated in English | −0.40 (0.36) | |||
| Age2 × Father College Degree in English | 0.35 (0.34) | |||
| Goodness of fit | ||||
| -2LL | 4434.630 | 4175.093 | 4202.032 | |
| AIC | 4448.630 | 4237.096 | 4234. 032 | |
| BIC | 4479.649 | 4373.294 | 4304.329 |
Note. Model 1 includes Age and Exposure as predictors. Model 2 adds Gender, Phonological Memory in English, Maternal Education in English, Paternal Education in English, Age2, and all two-way interactions with Age and Age2. In Model 3, all nonsignificant interaction terms are trimmed; this is the most parsimonious model. −2LL = −2 log-likelihood; AIC = Akaike information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion. EOWPVT = Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test, Bilingual Edition.