(A) Total GAGs amount from mineralized (left panel) and non-mineralized (right panel) compartments of saline or CS injected WT mice bone matrix was quantified by DMMB assay. (B) After saline or CS injection, the amount of bound water in WT mice bone matrix was measured by low-field NMR, and normalized by comparing to saline controls. (C) Tissue-level toughness of femur mid-diaphysis from saline or CS injected WT mice was determined by nanoscratch test. (D) Total BMD was measured by DXA analysis at pre-injection and after injection with saline or CS. Total BMD change was obtained by calculating the ratio of total BMD before and after injection, and then normalized by comparing to saline controls. (E-H) The total GAGs amount, bound water, tissue-level toughness, and normalized BMD change were analyzed in Bgn KO mice after injection of saline or CS. n =5-9. *p < 0.05.