Figure 1.

Child effects on adoptive parents’ parental negativity via child negative reactivity: the role of heritable and prenatal factors.

Note. AM = adoptive mother; AF = adoptive father; BM = birth mother; BF = birth father. EXT = externalizing problems; INT = internalizing problems; SUB = substance use. The composites of heritable factors (e.g., EXT, INT, SUB) are shown as observed variables in the figure, but they are factor scores created using principal component analysis. The direct effects of birth parents’ psychopathology and BM prenatal illicit drug use on AM and AF’s parental negativity were not shown in Figure 1 to increase interpretability.