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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2020 Sep 17;1867(1):165973. doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165973

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Intracellular signaling pathways triggered by GPCRs. Agonist binding to receptors triggers a variety of distinct downstream signaling pathways. Signal propagation can be mediated through G proteins (Gαs, Gαi/o, Gαq/11, Gα12/13, and Gβγ), thereby regulating activities of several kinases (PKA, PKC, and Rho-kinase) and Ca2+ mobilization. Recruitment of β-arrestins resulted from phosphorylation of GPCRs desensitizes G protein coupling, mediates receptor internalization, and initiates β-arrestin-dependent signaling and kinase activation.