Diagram demonstrating the experimental design of neuromodulation via rTMS. After denervation, rats received rTMS treatment every other day, for 30 days. The intervention began at the acute phase, a day after denervation (Den-rTMS-Acute) or at the sub-acute phase, two weeks following denervation (Den-rTMS-Delayed). The rTMS coil was placed over the left S1, contralateral to the denervated forepaw and delivered 10 min of 10 Hz stimulation. A control group was denervated but did not receive any treatment and an additional control group were not injured and did not receive rTMS treatment.