Table 3.
Fully-adjusted logistic models of ‘any pain’ by education, for full sample and by sex, race/ethnicity, and age group, US adults age 30–49, NHIS 2010–2017.
| Full sample | Sex | Race/ethnicity | Age group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | White | Black | Hispanic | 30–39 | 40–49 | ||
| Education | ||||||||
| Less than HS | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.11 | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.01 |
| GED | 1.20** | 1.16 | 1.23* | 1.14 | 1.60** | 1.09 | 1.28* | 1.12 |
| HS=reference | ||||||||
| Some college | 1 18*** | 1.15** | 1.22*** | 1.18*** | 1.24* | 1.08 | 1.25*** | 1.11* |
| AA(vocational) | 1.05 | 1.00 | 1.12 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.21 | 1.04 | 1.07 |
| AA(academic) | 0.98 | 0.85 | 1.11 | 0.97 | 1.01 | 0.91 | 1.01 | 0.96 |
| BA | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.07 | 1.13 | 0.94 | 1.00 |
| MA+ | 0.98 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 1.18 | 0.99 | 1.00 |
| Age | 1.01*** | 1.01** | 1.01** | 1.01*** | 1.01 | 1.00 | 1.01 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.27*** | 1.22*** | 1.39*** | 1.36*** | 1.27*** | 1.27*** | ||
| Race/ethnicity (NH white=ref) | ||||||||
| NH Black | 0.77*** | 0.74*** | 0.78*** | 0.73*** | 0.80*** | |||
| Hispanic | 0.81*** | 0.80*** | 0.83*** | 0.85** | 0.77*** | |||
| Other | 0.84** | 0.83* | 0.86 | 0.81* | 0.87 | |||
| Non-English | 0.79*** | 0.74** | 0.87 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.86* | 0.76* | 0.85 |
| Foreign-born | 0.94 | 0.84** | 1.05 | 0.91 | 1.15 | 0.90 | 0.97 | 0.93 |
| Region (NE=ref) | ||||||||
| Midwest | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.05 | 1.04 | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.05 |
| South | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.04 | 1.06 | 1.18 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 1.09 |
| West | 1.19*** | 1.26*** | 1.12* | 1.27*** | 1.36* | 1.01 | 1.17** | 1.20** |
| Interview year | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.98 | 1.00 | 0.99 |
| Marital status (married) | ||||||||
| Previously married | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.91* | 1.08 | 1.04 | 0.97 | 0.96 |
| Never married | 0.88*** | 0.83*** | 0.92 | 0.89** | 0.97 | 0.83* | 0.93 | 0.82*** |
| Children at home (0) | ||||||||
| One child | 1.06 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 1.03 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.07 | 1.04 |
| Two or more | 1.02 | 1.07 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.12 | 1.04 | 1.08 | 0.95 |
| Income-to-poverty ratio (4 times=ref) | ||||||||
| 2–3.9 times | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 1.00 |
| 1–1.9 times | 1.18*** | 1.17** | 1.17** | 1.25*** | 1.00 | 1.02 | 1.20** | 1.15* |
| Below poverty | 1.12* | 1.12 | 1.10 | 1.19** | 0.86 | 1.03 | 1.17* | 1.07 |
| Home (owns) | ||||||||
| Rents | 1.03 | 0.99 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.02 | 1.06 | 1.04 | 1.02 |
| Other | 1.09 | 1.03 | 1.15 | 1.14 | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.12 | 1.06 |
| Employed (yes) | ||||||||
| Unemployed | 0.90* | 0.90 | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.89 | 0.98 | 0.83* |
| Not in labor force | 1.12** | 1.35*** | 1.06 | 1.09* | 1.24* | 1.15 | 1.12* | 1.11 |
| Occupation prestige | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 1.00 | 0.96 | 1.01 | 1.02 | 0.98 |
| Smoking (never) | ||||||||
| Former smoker | 1.19*** | 1.19*** | 1.19*** | 1.19*** | 1.21 | 1.20* | 1.14** | 1.24*** |
| Current smoker | 1.34*** | 1.37*** | 1.31*** | 1.37*** | 1.33*** | 1.23* | 1.39*** | 1.28*** |
| Alcohol use (never) | ||||||||
| Former | 1.43*** | 1.56*** | 1.35*** | 1.47*** | 1.44** | 1.34** | 1.35*** | 1.50*** |
| Current moderate | 1.45*** | 1.48*** | 1.48*** | 1 49*** | 1.51*** | 1.43*** | 1.43*** | 1.47*** |
| Current excessive | 1.56*** | 1.67*** | 1.48*** | 1.58*** | 1.82*** | 1.60*** | 1.50*** | 1.61*** |
| BMI (18.5 to 24.9) | ||||||||
| Less than 18.5 | 0.79* | 0.58* | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.36* | 1.55 | 0.96 | 0.63** |
| 25–29.9 | 1.07** | 1.00 | 1.13** | 1.11** | 1.04 | 0.90 | 1.06 | 1.08* |
| 30–34.9 | 1.28*** | 1.25*** | 1.26*** | 1.32*** | 1.26* | 1.08 | 1.27*** | 1.28*** |
| 35–39.9 | 1.28*** | 1.21* | 1.31*** | 1.24** | 1.39** | 1.28* | 1.27*** | 1.28*** |
| 40 and above | 1.42*** | 1.22* | 1.54*** | 1.41*** | 1.42** | 1.54** | 1.48*** | 1.34*** |
| Arthritis | 5.81*** | 5.24*** | 6.40*** | 5.74*** | 5.47*** | 6.06*** | 5.48*** | 6.03*** |
| Cancer | 1.32*** | 1.16 | 1.40*** | 1.36*** | 0.94 | 1.09 | 1.50*** | 1.23** |
| Diabetes | 1.00 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 0.95 | 0.99 | 1.11 | 1.05 | 0.99 |
| Hypertension | 1.24*** | 1.23*** | 1 24*** | 1.20*** | 1.21** | 1.36*** | 1.31*** | 1.19*** |
| Kidney disease | 1.40* | 1.29 | 1.48* | 1.48* | 1.04 | 1.78* | 1.54* | 1.33 |
| Liver disease | 1.51** | 1.28 | 1.99** | 1.80** | 0.92 | 1.15 | 1.38 | 1.63** |
| Stroke | 1.29* | 1.09 | 1.54* | 1.51* | 0.84 | 1.59 | 1.68* | 1.17 |
| Respiratory disease | 1.82*** | 2.06*** | 1.68*** | 1.79*** | 2 09*** | 1.88*** | 2.00*** | 1.74*** |
| Heart disease | 1.50*** | 1.42*** | 1 59*** | 1.41*** | 1.87*** | 1.89*** | 1.80*** | 1.34*** |
| K6 distress score | 1.16*** | 1.16*** | 1.17*** | 1.17*** | 1.17*** | 1.15*** | 1.16*** | 1.16*** |
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01,
***
p<.001
Source: National Health Interview Survey Sample Adults, pooled 2010–2017 data. N=74,051.
Odds ratios shown. Models adjust for complex sampling design of NHIS; multiply-imputed models.
The 5 bolded coefficients identify instances of statistically significant difference (p<.05) across groups in the education-pain gradient, based on additional logistic models of pain with the same covariates as in Table 3 plus education-by-group interactions. The reference categories were HS for education and men, white, and 30–39 for the population subgroups, respectively. NH=non-Hispanic.