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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann Neurol. 2020 Jul 27;88(3):513–525. doi: 10.1002/ana.25826

TABLE 3.

Relation of Diabetes, Insulin Signaling, and Related Measures to AD Neuropathology

	Estimate (SE), p
Predictor	Global AD Score	Amyloid Burden	Tau Tangle Density
Diabetes	0.117 (0.091), 0.200	0.086 (0.159), 0.591	0.129 (0.194), 0.508
ELISA
pS³⁰⁷IRS1/total IRS1	0.020 (0.032), 0.536	0.068 (0.084), 0.417	0.033 (0.093), 0.724
pT³⁰⁸AKT1/total AKT1	0.104 (0.030), 0.001^a	0.192 (0.081), 0.019^a	0.257 (0.088), 0.004^a
Immunohistochemistry
IRS1 cells/mm²	0.020 (0.035), 0.559	−0.035 (0.089), 0.699	0.026 (0.103), 0.806
Ex vivo stimulation
IRS1 recruitment to IRβ	−0.034 (0.047), 0.461	−0.097 (0.113), 0.391	−0.059 (0.145), 0.687
pS⁴⁷³AKT1	−0.067 (0.046), 0.147	−0.152 (0.112), 0.182	−0.131 (0.143), 0.365
pT³⁰⁸AKT1	−0.054 (0.045), 0.237	−0.102 (0.111), 0.359	−0.152 (0.141), 0.284
pY^1150/1151IRβ	−0.047 (0.046), 0.314	−0.155 (0.112), 0.172	−0.024 (0.145), 0.871
pY⁹⁶⁰IRβ	−0.098 (0.045), 0.032	−0.177 (0.111), 0.116	−0.216 (0.142), 0.132

Separate linear regression models (1 per row) are adjusted for age at death, sex, and education.

^a

Statistically significant.

AD = Alzheimer disease; ELISA = enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SE = standard error.