Table 4.

Determinants of pain-related discomfort scores: univariate analysis (n = 2130 patients)

			P value
Sex	Men	3 (0–5)	0.556
	Women	3 (0–5)
Age	R	− 0.051	0.019
Patient type
Medical vs. surgical	Medical	2 (0–5)	0.007
	Surgical	3 (0–5)
Cardiovascular and thoracic surgical patients	No	2 (0–5)	0.904
	Yes	3 (0–5)
Cardiovascular surgical patients	No	2 (0–5)	0.477
	Yes	3 (0–5)
Thoracic surgical patients	No	3 (0–5)	0.269
	Yes	2 (0–4)
Knaus score	Normal	3 (0–5)	0.127
	Moderate	3 (0–5)
	Severe	2 (0–5)
SAPS II	R	0.006	0.770
ICU stay duration	R	0.046	0.034
Life support therapies during ICU stay
Mechanical ventilation	No	2 (0–5)	0.051
	Yes	3 (0–5)
Noninvasive ventilation	No	3 (0–5)	0.404
	Yes	2.5 (0–5)
Vasopressor administration	No	3 (0–5)	0.425
	Yes	2 (0–5)
Renal replacement therapy	No	3 (0–5)	0.157
	Yes	3 (0–5)
Painful or discomfort-inducing invasive procedures during ICU stay
Chest drain insertion	No	2 (0–5)	0.037
	Yes	3 (1–5)
Chest drain removal	No	2 (0–5)	< 0.001
	Yes	3 (1–5)
Use of bladder catheter	No	2 (0–5)	0.001
	Yes	3 (0–5)
Arterial catheter insertion	No	3 (0–5)	0.555
	Yes	2.5 (0–5)
Central venous catheter insertion	No	2 (0–5)	0.014
	Yes	3 (0–5)
Bronchoscopy	No	3 (0–5)	0.351
	Yes	3 (0–5)
Complex dressing change	No	2 (0–5)	0.032
	Yes	3 (0–6)
Intra-hospital transport	No	2 (0–5)	< 0.001
	Yes	3 (0–5)
Program	Never applied	2 (0–5)	0.754
	Applied for 5 months or more	3 (0–5)
Inclusion month	April	3 (0–5)	0.314
	October	3 (0–5)

ICU intensive care unit, SAPS Simplified Acute Physiology Score, R Spearman’s correlation coefficient

Data are presented as the median with interquartile range (IQR) in parentheses

Bold font highlights statistically potential determinants of pain-related discomfort scores as self-reported at the end of patients’ ICU stay (P value ≤ 0.10)