Figure 4.

Pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels in the PFC. (A) Comparison of IL‐1β levels. Neither CUS nor BHB affected IL‐1β levels in the PFC. (B) CUS increased TNF‐α levels in the PFC, and this change was completely attenuated by BHB administration into the PFC. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (SEM). *P < .05. PFC, prefrontal cortex; IL‐1β, interleukin 1‐beta; CUS: chronic unpredictable stress; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha; BHB: beta‐hydroxybutyrate. PBS: phosphate‐buffered saline