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. 2020 Dec 8;10:21486. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-78473-1

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DXR in vivo does not result in bacterial translocation into the local lymph tissues or submucosa. (A–C) Mesenteric lymph nodes (A), spleen (B), and whole flushed jejunum (C) were isolated from control mice or mice treated with DXR. 16S rDNA quantification was performed relative to host TNFα transcript expression. (D) Representative 16S rRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) images of flushed jejunal tissue at various time points after doxorubicin injection (6, 24, 48, and 72 h) as compared to control jejunum. Red arrows indicate 16S FISH-positive (red) bacteria in a jejunal crypt from a mouse treated with DXR 6 h prior to sacrifice (inset). Images are representative of n = 3 per time point. Scale bar 20 μm. Statistics: (A) (n = 3/group), Student’s t-test, ns no significance.