Table 2.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics with comparison by outcome at 30 days
| Missing | All | Death by 30 days | |||
| Alive | Dead | P value | |||
| n | 830 | 530 | 300 | ||
| Characteristics at presentation | |||||
| Age (years) | 1 (0.1) | 70 (58–80) | 65 (55–76) | 76 (67–85) | <0.001 |
| Sex (male) | 0 (0.0) | 509 (61.3) | 309 (58.3) | 200 (66.7) | 0.02 |
| CFS score | 81 (9.8) | 4 (2–6) | 3 (2–5) | 5 (3–6) | <0.001 |
| Temperature (°C) | 3 (0.4) | 37.5 (36.8–38.2) | 37.4 (36.8–38.1) | 37.6 (36.8–38.4) | 0.15 |
| Respiratory rate (breaths/min) | 2 (0.2) | 24 (20–28) | 22 (20–26) | 24 (21–30) | <0.001 |
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 1 (0.1) | 94 (82,108) | 95 (82–108) | 91 (80–110) | 0.28 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 2 (0.2) | 130 (115–145) | 130 (117–145) | 131 (113–145) | 0.78 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 2 (0.2) | 75.0 (65.0–84.0) | 76.0 (67.0–85.0) | 72 (63–81) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 | 1 (0.1) | 94 (90–96) | 94 (91–96) | 93 (89–96) | 0.002 |
| Supplemental oxygen (%) | 2 (0.2) | 340 (41.0) | 183 (34.5) | 157 (52.3) | <0.001 |
| SpO2:FiO2 ratio | 2 (0.2) | 414 (283 to 448) | 429 (339 to 452) | 354 (189 to 443) | <0.001 |
| Confusion | 0 (0.0) | 183 (22.0) | 90 (17.0) | 93 (31.0) | <0.001 |
| Investigations | |||||
| Urea (mmol/L) | 8 (1.0) | 7.2 (4.9–11.1) | 6.3 (4.6–9.2) | 9.8 (7.0–15.1) | <0.001 |
| Consolidation | 4 (0.5) | 684 (82.8) | 425 (80.5) | 259 (86.9) | 0.02 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 10 (1.2) | 104.0 (47.8–173.1) | 92.0 (42.5–158.0) | 117.0 (59.0–195.0) | <0.001 |
| WCC (109/L) | 4 (0.5) | 7.4 (5.6–10.1) | 7.3 (5.5–9.8) | 7.6 (5.7–10.6) | 0.20 |
| Neutrophils (109/L) | 7 (0.8) | 5.8 (3.9–8.55) | 5.6 (3.8–7.9) | 5.9 (4.0–9.1) | 0.26 |
| Lymphocytes (109/L) | 9 (1.1) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | <0.001 |
| NLR | 9 (1.1) | 154.0 (91.0–201.0) | 155.0 (95.5–201.0) | 152.5 (85.3–201.0) | 0.62 |
P values are calculated using Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables, Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables since none of the continuous variables follow the assumption of normality (Shapiro normality test p value of ≤0.001 for all of them)
Data are presented as n (%) or median (IQR).
BP, blood pressure; CFS, Clinical Frailty Scale; CRP, C reactive protein; FiO2, fraction of inspired oxygen; NLR, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio; SpO2, oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry; WCC, white cell count.