Table 3.
Differences between amino acid plasma levels in relation to clinical variables in FEP patients.
| Clinical variables | Amino acids plasma levels (µmol/L)c | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLU | GLN | Glx | GLY | GLN/GLU | PRO | TRP | TYR | SER | GABA | |
| Mean (SD) | ||||||||||
| Sex | p = 0.387 | p = 0.436 | p = 0.387 | p = 0.652 | p = 0.735 | p = 0.693 | p = 0.984 | p = 0.464 | p = 0.794 | p = 0.467 |
| Female (n = 60) | 164.0 (101.9) | 335.0 (228.6) | 499.0 (263.6) | 318.1 (148.7) | 3.0 (3.2) | 368.4 (348.8) | 57.1 (22.5) | 78.9 (33.8) | 139.8 (59.6) | 75.9 (26.3) |
| Male (n = 106) | 186.0 (115.3) | 357.3 (229.1) | 543.2 (247.7) | 339.8 (137.2) | 3.1 (4.9) | 363.6 (267.8) | 58.1 (24.5) | 90.7 (51.1) | 156.2 (84.0) | 81.2 (29.3) |
| Age | p = 0.967 | p = 0.386 | p = 0.844 | p = 0.072 | p = 0.838 | p = 0.410 | p = 0.766 | p = 0.726 | p = 0.057 | p = 0.896 |
| 16 to 24 (n = 66) | 176.9 (96.2) | 369.4 (226.5) | 546.3 (249.8) | 362.4 (122.6) | 2.9 (2.6) | 412.3 (324.6) | 56.9 (24.2) | 88.6 (37.1) | 163.4 (57.5) | 79.5 (25.0) |
| 25 to 34 (n = 47) | 177.3 (117.4) | 355.3 (218.6) | 532.7 (243.0) | 315.0 (140.8) | 3.2 (3.4) | 309.3 (207.2) | 58.5 (22.8) | 85.9 (59.4) | 135.0 (50.6) | 79.0 (25.7) |
| 35 or more (n = 53) | 180.1 (123.2) | 318.7 (240.3) | 498.8 (269.4) | 309.2 (158.5) | 3.3 (6.5) | 356.4 (327.9) | 58.1 (24.4) | 84.1 (42.6) | 147.5 (107.9) | 79.3 (34.3) |
| BMI (kg/mn) | p = 0.233 | p = 0.264 | p = 0.001 | p = 0.078 | p = 0.437 | p = 0.597 | p = 0.919 | p = 0.942 | p = 0.210 | p = 0.223 |
| Up to 18.4 (n = 11) | 155.1 (66.5) | 435.3 (227.4) | 548.1 (213.2) | 366.2 (153.8) | 3.4 (2.9) | 303.6 (123.8) | 59.4 (22.5) | 86.0 (33.1) | 153.1 (59.4) | 74.7 (23.8) |
| 18.5 to 24.9 (n = 101) | 194.9 (119.5) | 339.2 (242.1) | 594.6 (289.5) | 349.8 (143.6) | 3.5 (6.4) | 385.9 (246.5) | 58.1 (21.7) | 83.7 (32.7) | 151.6 (60.9) | 78.3 (24.8) |
| 25.0 to 30.9 (n = 42) | 158.4 (91.2) | 334.3 (197.8) | 451.0 (217.4) | 296.9 (130.5) | 2.5 (2.2) | 382.4 (365.8) | 57.4 (26.4) | 88.5 (54.5) | 156.4 (90.6) | 83.7 (31.9) |
| 31 or more (n = 12) | 228.0 (159.5) | 407.3 (210.8) | 648.0 (214.1) | 273.5 (122.4) | 4.1 (4.6) | 262.2 (116.1) | 56.7 (19.2) | 85.8 (47.5) | 117.2 (50.0) | 65.2 (18.1) |
| DUP (weeks) | p = 0.032 | p = 0.673 | p = 0.169 | p = 0.624 | p = 0.404 | p = 0.658 | p = 0.164 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.356 | p = 0.806 |
| Up to 12 (n = 89) | 148.7 (92.6)a | 345.1 (245.7) | 493.8 (260.0) | 319.7 (141.3) | 3.7 (5.6) | 342.1 (250.3) | 53.9 (21.7) | 74.8 (34.3)a | 141.3 (63.4) | 78.0 (30.0) |
| 13 to 24 (n = 28) | 223.3 (137.3)b | 322.0 (187.8) | 545.2 (222.2) | 351.6 (165.6) | 2.2 (2.2) | 367.9 (307.1) | 62.4 (24.5) | 95.1 (34.9)b | 156.0 (57.1) | 78.4 (24.7) |
| 25 to 52 (n = 24) | 217.4 (114.4) b | 401.8 (232.6) | 619.2 (268.6) | 344.0 (130.7) | 2.7 (2.6) | 413.9 (412.3) | 63.0 (28.4) | 95.8 (40.6) | 152.1 (57.9) | 80.1 (24.1) |
| 53 or more (n = 25) | 194.0 (108.7) | 343.8 (206.0) | 537.8 (237.9) | 342.4 (125.2) | 2.2 (1.8) | 398.3 (329.8) | 60.9 (24.3) | 109.0 (77.0)b | 174.1 (132.2) | 84.0 (30.4) |
| Duration of treatment (weeks) | p = 0.009 | p = 0.801 | p = 0.213 | p = 0.433 | p = 0.599 | p = 0.379 | p = 0.432 | p = 0.191 | p = 0.380 | p = 0.636 |
| None (n = 9) | 171.1 (109.5) | 358.4 (165.1) | 529.5 (191.9) | 367.9 (131.4) | 3.0 (2.0) | 486.7 (389.0) | 59.1 (22.3) | 85.7 (44.3) | 188.2 (83.6) | 89.2 (37.0) |
| Up to 11 (n = 71) | 153.6 (105.6)a | 338.8 (217.9) | 492.4 (260.4) | 348.6 (148.8) | 3.5 (5.6) | 356.0 (304.9) | 56.2 (26.0) | 79.5 (37.2) | 147.8 (56.3) | 80.6 (29.6) |
| 12 or more (n = 86) | 198.9 (112.1)b | 356.9 (244.0) | 555.8 (252.5) | 314.6 (137.8) | 2.7 (3.2) | 360.2 (284.0) | 58.8 (22.1) | 92.2 (51.7) | 148.4 (88.8) | 77.2 (26.2) |
| Type of antipsychotic | p = 0.141 | p = 0.100 | p = 0.900 | p = 0.781 | p = 0.990 | p = 0.375 | p = 0.676 | p = 0.161 | p = 0.050 | p = 0.661 |
| None (n = 9) | 172.4 (109.5) | 352.7 (165.1) | 529.5 (191.9) | 354.7 (131.4) | 3.0 (2.0) | 472.9 (389.0) | 58.7 (22.3) | 85.7 (44.3) | 184.4 (83.6) | 89.0 (37.0) |
| Atypical (n = 74) | 199.3 (119.4) | 312.1 (232.9) | 540.7 (272.0) | 337.2 (142.4) | 3.1 (2.7) | 362.2 (228.5) | 59.8 (25.5) | 93.8 (53.2) | 162.4 (91.4) | 80.5 (28.8) |
| Typical (n = 83) | 159.7 (100.5) | 381.9 (227.8) | 511.9 (240.4) | 324.8 (142.5) | 3.1 (5.9) | 356.4 (341.2) | 55.8 (22.4) | 79.9 (37.5) | 135.8 (55.7) | 77.1 (26.9) |
| Current treatment | p = 0.010 | p = 0.257 | p = 0.031 | p = 0.500 | p = 0.440 | p = 0.428 | p = 0.979 | p = 0.489 | p = 0.371 | p = 0.644 |
| None (n = 9) | 171.1 (109.5) | 358.4 (165.1) | 529.5 (191.9) | 367.9 (131.4) | 3.0 (2.0) | 486.7 (389.0) | 59.1 (22.3) | 85.7 (44.3) | 188.2 (83.6) | 89.2 (37.0) |
| Antipsychotics only (n = 66) | 206.4 (111.3)a | 378.9 (238.7) | 585.3 (264.6) | 315.6 (111.1) | 2.5 (2.5) | 365.6 (253.4) | 56.3 (19.1) | 92.0 (52.3) | 143.9 (52.7) | 77.6 (25.7) |
| Antipsychotics and/or others (n = 91) | 158.1 (107.2)b | 326.8 (225.8) | 484.9 (244.6) | 340.3 (160.6) | 3.5 (5.5) | 353.1 (319.4) | 58.6 (26.9) | 82.4 (40.7) | 151.2 (88.8) | 79.5 (29.3) |
| Psychoactive substances | p = 0.606 | p = 0.677 | p = 0.940 | p = 0.381 | p = 0.668 | p = 0.438 | p = 0.502 | p = 0.269 | p = 0.770 | p = 0.522 |
| None (n = 100) | 173.9 (111.6) | 347.5 (242.2) | 521.4 (261.0) | 309.1 (138.9) | 3.4 (5.3) | 384.1 (348.9) | 59.0 (24.4) | 80.3 (38.5) | 140.0 (65.3) | 79.4 (30.1) |
| Cannabis only (n = 27) | 167.6 (107.0) | 368.3 (193.6) | 535.9 (239.7) | 361.0 (124.2) | 3.2 (2.4) | 388.4 (219.4) | 54.1 (21.2) | 86.5 (38.0) | 166.9 (57.6) | 79.5 (27.6) |
| Cannabis and othersd (n = 20) | 205.8 (138.0) | 322.7 (208.7) | 528.5 (237.4) | 355.9 (93.4) | 2.3 (2.2) | 347.1 (192.5) | 56.4 (24.7) | 93.4 (38.0) | 161.8 (52.2) | 84.9 (25.9) |
| *Others only (n = 19) | 185.3 (78.9) | 359.0 (233.1) | 544.3 (268.4) | 385.9 (194.2) | 2.4 (2.6) | 252.7 (150.4) | 57.7 (23.9) | 110.9 (81.1) | 168.9 (144.1) | 72.4 (21.7) |
| Use of nicotine | p = 0.746 | p = 0.377 | p = 0.701 | p = 0.710 | p = 0.907 | p = 0.148 | p = 0.515 | p = 0.380 | p = 0.382 | p = 0.570 |
| Yes (n = 65) | 173.0 (96.1) | 370.0 (215.8) | 543.0 (248.5) | 341.7 (128.1) | 3.0 (2.5) | 317.6 (211.4) | 56.9 (23.7) | 81.9 (32.9) | 147.1 (63.6) | 80.9 (25.8) |
| No (n = 101) | 181.3 (119.6) | 335.8 (236.4) | 517.1 (257.6) | 325.8 (149.6) | 3.2 (5.3) | 396.0 (340.7) | 58.2 (23.9) | 89.3 (52.4) | 152.4 (83.7) | 78.3 (29.9) |
GLU glutamic acid, GLN glutamine, GLY glycine, PRO proline, TRP tryptophan, TYR tyrosine, SER serine, GABA y-aminobutyric, SD standard deviation, BMI Body Mass Index, DUP duration of untreated psychosis.
Bold: ≤ 0.05.
a,bSuperscript letters were used for the mean values in the columns, in which the means followed by different letters differ statistically from each other. Multiple comparisons and orthogonal contrasts performed in the GLM with 5% probability.
cGeneralized Linear Model adjusted by sex, age and BMI analysed with log transformed.
dAlcohol, cocaine/crack and inhalants.