Table 2.
Associations between schizophrenia polygenic score (SZ-PGS) and cognitive function in older adults over the 10-year follow-up.
| Verbal memory | Semantic fluency | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95%CI) | P-value | β (95%CI) | P-value | |
| Baseline | ||||
| SZ-PGS | −0.07 (−0.14–0.01) | 0.091 | −0.25 (−0.40 to −0.09) | 0.002 |
| Age | −0.14 (−0.15 to −0.14) | <0.001 | −0.19 (−0.21 to −0.18) | <0.001 |
| Gender | −1.08 (−1.23 to −0.92) | <0.001 | 0.02 (−0.29 to 0.33) | 0.906 |
| Current smoker | −0.10 (−0.33–0.13) | 0.386 | −0.58 (−1.04 to −0.12) | 0.013 |
| Low level of wealth | −0.60 (−0.77 to −0.42) | <0.001 | −0.62 (−0.97 to −0.27) | <0.001 |
| Education attainment | 0.19 (0.17–0.21) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.38 to 0.47) | <0.001 |
| Depression diagnosis | −0.53 (−0.77 to −0.30) | <0.001 | −0.81 (−1.28 to −0.33) | 0.001 |
| APOE-ε4 present | −0.27 (−0.45 to −0.10) | 0.002 | −0.31 (−0.66 to 0.04) | 0.074 |
| Limiting health conditions (any) | −0.18 (−0.35 to −0.01) | 0.041 | −0.17 (−0.66 to 0.04) | 0.320 |
| Rate of change | ||||
| SZ-PGS | 0.003 (−0.01–0.02) | 0.741 | 0.01 (−0.02–0.03) | 0.740 |
| Age | −0.06 (−0.03–−0.09) | <0.001 | 0.06 (0.002–0.11) | 0.044 |
| Gender | −0.02 (−0.05–0.01) | 00.285 | −0.06 (−0.12 to −0.002) | 0.041 |
| Current smoker | −0.07 (−0.12–−0.02) | 0.002 | −0.05 (−0.14–0.03) | 0.229 |
| Low level of wealth | −0.01 (−0.04–0.03) | 0.707 | −0.08 (−0.14 to −0.01) | 0.028 |
| Education attainment | 0.002 (−0.002–0.01) | 0.255 | −0.01 (−0.01–0.002) | 0.121 |
| Depression diagnosis | −0.01 (−0.06–0.04) | 0.629 | −0.05 (−0.15 to 0.04) | 0.258 |
| APOE-ε4 present | −0.08 (−0.12–−0.04) | <0.001 | −0.10 (−0.16 to −0.03) | 0.005 |
| Limiting health conditions (any) | −0.03 (−0.06–0.01) | 0.126 | −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.05) | 0.001 |
| Variancea | ||||
| Within-person | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 0.16 (0.13–0.21) | ||
| In initial status | 3.69 (3.66–4.28) | 15.99 (14.77–17.31) | ||
| In rate of change | 0.03 (−0.02–0.08) | 0.08 (−0.09–0.26) | ||
The models were further adjusted for age2 to capture non-linear aging effects of which cognition is susceptible to and 4 principal components to account for any ancestry differences in genetic structures that could bias the results.
CI confidence intervals, SZ-PGS polygenic score for schizophrenia, APOE-ε4 two ε4 alleles of the Apolipoprotein E gene.
aThe within-person variance is the overall residual variance in cognition that is not explained by the model. The initial status variance component is the variance of individuals’ intercepts about the intercept of the average person. The rate of change variance component is the variance of individual slopes about the slope of the average person.