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. 2020 Dec 8;11:6097. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19169-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Reef sites on Kiritimati (central equatorial Pacific) with tagged coral colonies, categorized by intensity of human disturbance. Entire scale bar shows 10 km. b Examples of Kiritimati’s reefs at very high (left) and very low (right) disturbance sites, prior to the 2015–2016 El Niño. For Platygyra ryukyuensis (c, e) and Favites pentagona (d, f): c, d Constrained ordination of amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) showing significant effects of human disturbance on symbiont communities, prior to the heat stress. Colors correspond to a. Values in square brackets show variation explained by each constrained axis; exposure (windward vs. leeward side of atoll) had no effect. e, f Logistic regressions showing the impact of human disturbance on the prevalence of Durusdinium. Blue dots indicate Cladocopium-dominated colonies, while red dots indicate Durusdinium-dominated colonies. Differences in sample size (c, e) reflect different sequencing depth thresholds used for analyses. Grey shading in e, f shows 95% CI. Sample sizes indicate individual coral colonies sampled before the heatwave.