In vitro enzyme activity of wild-type and mutant PpFNS I/F3H, SmFNS I/F3H, CjFNS I/F2H, and CjFNS I1 provided with naringenin as substrate. A and C, HPLC profiles of enzyme activity of mutant and wild-type PpFNS I/F3H and SmFNS I/F3H in vitro (A) and their peak areas (C). B and D, HPLC profiles of enzyme activity of mutant and wild-type CjFNS I/F2H and CjFNS I1 in vitro (B) and their peak areas (D). P1, Dihydrokaempferol; P2, apigenin; P3, 2-hydroxynaringenin; S1, naringenin. Values shown are means ± sd (n = 3). Statistical analysis was performed with Student’s t test. Means differ from the wild-type enzyme at P < 0.05 (*) and P < 0.01 (**).