(a) Fluorescence intensity of NLS-jGCaMP7s and NIR-GECO2 in C. elegans neurons at resting state. Fluorescence was normalized to the same excitation intensity (n = 132 ROIs from 5 worms; data are shown as mean ± SD) (b) SBR of NLS-jGCaMP7s and NIR-GECO2 in neurons of C. elegans at resting state (n = 132 ROIs from 5 worms; data are shown as mean ± SD). SBR was obtained via dividing the fluorescence intensity from neurons by the averaged autofluorescence from the intestine area. (c) SNR of NLS-jGCaMP7s and NLS-NIR-GECO2 quantified from spontaneously spiking neurons (n = 78 ROIs from 4 worms; data are shown as mean ± SD). SNR was calculated by dividing the fluorescence change associated with a spike by the SD of the baseline fluorescence over the 2-second period immediately before the spike. (d) The ratio of SBRNIR-GECO2 to SBRNLS-jGCaMP7s at different imaging depths (n = 5 worms; data are shown as mean ± SD). (e) The ratio of SNRNLS-NIR-GECO2 to SNRNLS-jGCaMP7s at different imaging depths (n = 4 worms; data are shown as mean ± SD). NIR-GECO2 (without NLS) and NLS-jGCaMP7s were used for the experiments in a, b, and d; NLS-NIR-GECO2 and NLS-jGCaMP7s were used for the experiments in c and e. The underlying data for a–e can be found in S1 Data. ROI, region of interest; SBR, signal-to-background ratio; SD, standard deviation; SNR, signal-to-noise ratio.