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Schematic overview of type I interferon-mediated immune response mechanism for SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. IRF, interferon regulatory transcription factor; type 1 IFN, type 1 interferon; ISRE, IFN-stimulated response element; IFNR, interferon receptor; MHC, major histocompat-ibility complex; TCR, T cell receptor; CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte; CD40L, CD40 ligand.
