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. 2020 Nov 25;4(12):nzaa168. doi: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa168

TABLE 7.

Associations between food-group–based diet-quality scores and quantitative indexes of global dietary recommendations, UPF intake, energy intake, and BMI1

HDI-2020 subindexes
HDI-20202 Healthy foods3 Dietary components to limit4 Percentage of energy from UPFs Total dietary energy intake BMI FGDS
Brazil
 GDR-Healthy 0.29*** 0.58*** −0.03*** 0.00 0.14*** 0.05*** 0.75***
 GDR-Limit −0.45*** 0.02*** −0.57*** 0.50*** 0.30*** −0.03*** 0.16***
 GDR score 0.55*** 0.36*** 0.43*** −0.40*** −0.15*** 0.06*** 0.35***
 FGDS 0.04*** 0.35*** −0.18*** 0.06*** 0.24*** 0.05*** 1.00***
United States
 GDR-Healthy 0.45*** 0.66*** 0.12*** −0.33*** 0.04*** −0.03*** 0.83***
 GDR-Limit −0.54*** −0.12*** −0.61*** 0.42*** 0.38*** 0.02** −0.01
 GDR score 0.66*** 0.47*** 0.51*** −0.49*** −0.25*** −0.03*** 0.49***
 FGDS 0.25*** 0.51*** −0.04*** −0.29*** 0.14*** −0.02* 1.00***
1

Values are Spearman rank correlation coefficients. *Significant at P < 0.05; **significant at P < 0.01; ***significant at P < 0.001. FGDS, Food Group Diversity Score; GDR, Global Dietary Recommendations; HDI-2020, Healthy Diet Indicator 2020; UPF, ultra-processed food.

2

Index of all 11 global dietary recommendations.

3

Index of 5 global dietary recommendations encouraging consumption of 1) fruits and vegetables, 2) beans and other legumes, 3) nuts and seeds, 4) whole grains, and 5) dietary fiber.

4

Index of 6 global dietary recommendations about limiting consumption of 1) total fat, 2) saturated fat, 3) dietary sodium, 4) free sugars, 5) processed meat, and 6) unprocessed red meat.