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. 2020 Nov 25;11:525231. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.525231

TABLE 1.

Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the sample at T1.

Variablesa HC
T2DM
MDD
BD
SZ
Statistical analyses
(n = 28) (n = 30) (n = 35) (n = 42) (n = 30) F(p)e Post hoc testg
Sociodemographic variables
Sexb,f,h 18(64%) 9(30%) 24(68%) 21(50%) 7(23%) 20.1**** SZ, T2DM < HC; SZ < BD SZ, T2DM < MDD
Age (years) 36.6(14.5) 57.3(9.3) 47.3(11.8) 50(9.5) 40.8(10.7) 15.3**** HC < SZ, MDD, BD, T2DM SZ < BD, T2DM MDD < T2DM
Years of Education 16.1(3.3) 12.5(5.8) 11.9(4.3) 11.6(4.4) 10.4(3.3) 7.1**** SZ, BD, MDD, T2DM < HC
Motor Lateralityc 23(82%) 27(90%) 34(97%) 38(90%) 28(93%) NS
Clinical variables
HDRSd 2.0(1.8) 3.9(3.9) 11.6(8.3) 6.4(4.4) 7.0(5.8) 14.2**** HC < BD, SZ, MDD T2DM, BD, SZ < MDD
YMRSd 0.8(1.6) 1.5(2.2) 1.9(2.6) 3.5(4.5) 3.2(4.9) 3.4** HC < BD
PANSS positived 7.0(0.0) 7.0(0.0) 7.0(0.3) 8.5(3.8) 10.6(4.3) 10.6**** HC, T2DM, MDD, BD < SZ
PANSS negatived 7.0(0.0) 7.1(0.7) 8.4(4.9) 10.3(6.5) 18.6(10.1) 20.1**** HC, T2DM, MDD, BD < SZ
PANSS generald 16.0(0.0) 17.0(2.3) 19.8(8.6) 22.7(9.9) 31.8(12.7) 16.9**** HC < BD, SZ T2DM, MDD, BD < SZ
PANSS totald 30.0(0.0) 31.2(2.8) 35.4(13.4) 41.6(18.9) 61.1(24.4) 20.2**** HC < BD, SZ T2DM, MDD, BD < SZ
CGId 1.0(0.0) 1.9(1.0) 3.3(1.2) 3.5(0.7) 4.5(1.0) 63.8**** HC < T2DM, MDD, BD, SZ T2DM < MDD, BD, SZ MDD, BD < SZ
Age of onset (years) - 44.3(9.8) 35.3(12.1) 26.5(8.6) 25.6(8.0) 16.8**** SZ < MDD, T2DM BD < MDD, T2DM MDD < T2DM
Illness duration (years) - 13.0(9.0) 12.0(11.6) 23.4(11.5) 15.2(8.4) 25.9**** MDD, T2DM, SZ < BD
BMI (kg/m2) 24.9(5.1) 30.4(4.3) 28.6(5.8) 29.7(5.6) 31.9(5.4) 7.0**** HC < BD, T2DM,SZ

a Expressed as mean(standard deviation) except when indicated, b female n(%), c right-handed n(%). d Lower scores represent a better outcome. e ANOVA. f Chi-squared test. g Bonferroni test. h Mann–Whitney U test. Abbreviations: HC = Healthy control, T2DM = Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus, MDD = Major Depressive Disorder, BD = Bipolar Disorder, SZ = Schizophrenia, HDRS = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale, PANSS = Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, CGI = Clinical global impression, BMI = Body Mass Index, ANOVA = Analysis of variance, NS = not significant. (NS = p > 0.05; *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ****p ≤ 0.0001).

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