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. 2020 Oct 24;2020(1):279–289. doi: 10.1093/emph/eoaa039

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© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Foundation for Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Figure 3. — Main findings in overall and subgroup meta-analysis of metabolic-related studies. For the full results, see Supplementary Table S2. (A) Obesity and overweight studies and their outcomes (OR, 95% CI). The number of studies included are given in brackets. Significance levels are indicated with asterisks: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 and ***P < 0.00001. Dashed line indicates OR of 1; i.e. no difference in risk to controls. (B) Meta-analysis of BMI-z score studies represented as main difference (MD***) and 95% CI. Significance levels are indicated with asterisks: *P < 0.05 and ***P < 0.00001. Dashed line at MD = 0 indicates the point at which there is no difference to controls. (C) Dose−response meta-analysis of the association between early antibiotic exposure and childhood obesity (n = 4). Solid and dashed lines represent the estimated pooled ORs and CIs, respectively.