Table 1.

List of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).

Gene	Function	Implications
Ire1α	Xbp1 splicing, RIDD, activation of JNK and NF-κB signaling (8, 9)	Xbp1 splicing, Enhanced CHOP – induced apoptosis (39)
Xbp1	Transcription factor – Chaperones, ERAD complex, Lipid biosynthesis (8, 9)	Ire1α hyperactivation, Amplified ER stress, Increased JNK phosphorylation, Heightened expression of pro – inflammatory genes (40)
Ire1β	Selective repression of ER – localized secretory proteins (41)	Aberrant accumulation of secretory proteins (42)
Chop	Transcription factor – Increases protein load in ER by dephosphorylation of eIF2α, Induction of apoptotic signalling (18, 43)	Decreased apoptosis (44)
eIF2α phosphorylation	Regulatory node in maintaining cellular homeostasis, Attenuation of global mRNA translation, Selective translation of ATF4 (9)	Defective expression of UPR genes, Defective recruitment of secretory protein coding mRNAs into the ER leading to compromised protein secretion (45)
Atf6α	Membrane – bound transcription factor – Xbp1, Chaperones, ERAD complex (8, 9)	Diminished expression of ER chaperones BiP and P58IPK, CHOP – induced apoptosis (46, 47)
Atg16l1	Regulates autophagy; autophagosome formation	Impaired granule exocytosis pathway in Paneth cells (48), increased ATF6α activity (49) and IL-22 induced TNF expression leading to necroptosis (50)