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. 2020 Nov 11;48(12):2965–2975. doi: 10.1007/s10439-020-02666-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The workflow of the study. An illustration of the atlas-based framework for the FE modeling of the knee joint. The first row (part a) demonstrates the manual work required for model generation and simulation. For each subject, five shape parameters (anatomical dimensions of the femur) are measured by the user (a). By comparing these values with the same anatomical dimension values in 21 atlases (b), the most suitable atlas is selected (c). This atlas includes assigned material properties and meshes, which have been previously validated. Next, the medial compartment is scaled in medial-lateral, anterior-posterior and thickness directions with respect to the anatomical dimensions of the subject-of-interest (c). The scaled template model is simulated using the simplified gait loading (d). Finally, by simulating the model in Abaqus, the biomechanical outputs of the knee joint are obtained (e).