TABLE 1.

Summary of the β-cell models.

Study	Mechanisms1		Data2		Explanation of T2D3
	Calcium	Glucose	In vitro	In vivo
Grodsky, 1972	No	Explicit	++	∅	No
Cerasi et al., 1974	No	Explicit	∅	+	Yes
Overgaard et al., 2006	No	Explicit	∅	+	(Yes)
Giugliano et al., 2000	Explicit	Explicit	−	∅	Hypothesis
Bertuzzi et al., 2007	Implicit	Explicit	+	+	Hypothesis
Chen et al., 2008	Explicit	Implicit	+	∅	Hypothesis
Pedersen and Sherman, 2009	Explicit	Implicit	−	∅	No
Stamper and Wang, 2013	No	Explicit	−	∅	No
Dehghany et al., 2015	Implicit	Explicit	+	∅	No
Palumbo and De Gaetano, 2010 and De Gaetano et al., 2015	No	Explicit	−	−	Hypothesis
Grespan et al., 2018	Explicit	Explicit	++	++	Yes
Pedersen et al., 2019	Explicit	Explicit	++	∅	Hypothesis

¹Explicit or implicit mathematical representation of the role of calcium and glucose on insulin secretion. Only explicit representations allow simulations with arbitrary calcium or glucose data. ²Simulations with direct comparison with experimental in vitro or in vivo data: not simulated (∅); no comparison (−); limited comparison (+); extensive comparison (++). Studies with no direct comparison show simulations only, without experimental data. ³Analysis of the mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes: not considered (No); hypotheses provided without comparison with real data (Hypothesis); hypotheses based on the comparison with real data (Yes). The study by Overgaard et al. (2006) includes data from relatives of type 2 diabetic patients who developed diabetes.