Table 1.
Sample Characteristics for the Whole Cohort and by Diagnostic Group
| Diagnoses | Whole Cohort (n = 22,103) | Dementia (n = 7650) | Delirium (n = 2158) | MCI (n = 1026) | Substance Use Disorder (n = 1139) | Psychotic Disorder (n = 1777) | Bipolar Affective Disorder (n = 542) | Unipolar Depression (3462) | Anxiety Disorder (n = 942) | Stress-Related Disorder (n = 1257) | Other (n = 2150) | P Value∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic status and cognitive function† | ||||||||||||
| Mean age at diagnosis (SD) | 77.0 (9.6) | 82.1 (7.6) | 80.9 (8.3) | 79.3 (8.3) | 66.6 (6.0) | 71.6 (8.1) | 70.2 (7.8) | 75.2 (9.4) | 74.4 (9.1) | 76.3 (9.3) | 69.8 (9.3) | <.001 |
| Female gender | 57.3 | 61.5 | 54.6 | 59.6 | 31.7 | 58.5 | 56.1 | 58.8 | 67.5 | 55.5 | 51.1 | <.001 |
| Nonwhite ethnicity | 22.1 | 25.7 | 16.8 | 25.5 | 12.3 | 40.8 | 17.2 | 18.5 | 11.9 | 14.8 | 17.9 | <.001 |
| Married or cohabiting status | 32.6 | 33.3 | 31.3 | 34.4 | 28.7 | 16.7 | 35.7 | 34.1 | 40.9 | 32.3 | 40.1 | <.001 |
| Mean index of deprivation (SD) | 26.8 (11.7) | 27.0 (11.5) | 26.7 (11.8) | 27.6 (11.1) | 27.1 (11.5) | 29.6 (11.1) | 25.5 (12.2) | 26.3 (11.9) | 25.8 (11.9) | 27.4 (11.8) | 24.9 (12.3) | <.001 |
| HoNOS symptoms or disorders† | ||||||||||||
| Overactive, aggressive behavior | 21.6 | 23.9 | 40.0 | 6.0 | 25.3 | 23.7 | 28.5 | 12.2 | 13.9 | 10.4 | 21.0 | <.001 |
| Nonaccidental self-injury | 4.6 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 0.5 | 11.0 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 13.0 | 5.4 | 10.8 | 5.9 | <.001 |
| Problem drinking or drug taking | 5.1 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 73.3 | 4.6 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 3.8 | 5.0 | 4.8 | <.001 |
| Cognitive problems | 56.2 | 88.7 | 76.1 | 45.4 | 41.9 | 24.0 | 17.8 | 20.6 | 11.9 | 20.4 | 34.3 | <.001 |
| Hallucinations or delusions | 18.1 | 13.6 | 33.4 | 4.9 | 13.8 | 63.1 | 20.1 | 8.6 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 20.3 | <.001 |
| Depressed mood | 13.1 | 17.7 | 13.5 | 28.3 | 14.0 | 25.2 | 75.4 | 45.3 | 52.2 | 32.4 | <.001 | |
| HoNOS+ Physical illness or disability score—Comorbidity† | <.001 | |||||||||||
| No or minor problem | 35.3 | 41.6 | 9.6 | 46.1 | 40.9 | 51.3 | 47.8 | 30.0 | 38.3 | 15.3 | 36.2 | |
| Mild problem | 26.4 | 27.5 | 23.5 | 30.6 | 27.5 | 25.4 | 28.5 | 23.9 | 29.4 | 25.4 | 27.2 | |
| Moderate-severe problem | 38.3 | 30.9 | 66.9 | 23.3 | 31.6 | 23.3 | 23.7 | 46.1 | 32.3 | 59.3 | 36.6 | |
| HoNOS functional problems† | ||||||||||||
| Relationship problem | 22.1 | 18.3 | 26.2 | 10.3 | 34.7 | 35.5 | 29.5 | 21.8 | 21.1 | 17.3 | 33.5 | <.001 |
| Activities of daily living problem | 58.0 | 66.9 | 76.6 | 31.4 | 51.9 | 41.9 | 35.0 | 51.3 | 39.8 | 61.9 | 44.0 | <.001 |
| Problem with living conditions | 13.8 | 13.6 | 14.8 | 9.2 | 24.4 | 20.1 | 11.3 | 12.9 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 14.7 | <.001 |
| Problem with occupational and recreational activities | 32.1 | 32.9 | 36.8 | 16.8 | 37.9 | 29.6 | 24.1 | 37.3 | 30.2 | 25.6 | 29.4 | <.001 |
| Medication prescription‡ | ||||||||||||
| Osteoporosis medication | 3.4 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 1.8 | <.001 |
| Calcium/vitamin D | 6.5 | 5.9 | 12.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 6.2 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 8.9 | 3.7 | <.001 |
| Any anticholinergic | 48.9 | 41.2 | 55.9 | 32.2 | 32.1 | 71.4 | 73.1 | 66.1 | 58.4 | 41.6 | 33.6 | <.001 |
| Analgesics | 20.3 | 24.0 | 22.3 | 21.6 | 16.5 | 17.0 | 20.3 | 20.3 | 15.5 | 15.9 | 13.8 | <.001 |
| Hypnotics | 18.5 | 13.0 | 21.0 | 6.3 | 20.2 | 25.0 | 41.9 | 25.2 | 33.1 | 14.2 | 13.9 | <.001 |
| Antihypertensives | 27.0 | 32.2 | 26.7 | 34.8 | 14.6 | 26.2 | 23.8 | 28.5 | 25.9 | 18.1 | 16.1 | <.001 |
| Antipsychotics | 21.1 | 14.4 | 29.5 | 3.3 | 7.9 | 74.2 | 59.4 | 17.9 | 12.6 | 5.0 | 16.7 | <.001 |
| Antidepressants | 35.3 | 24.4 | 29.5 | 20.2 | 19.6 | 21.4 | 38.8 | 76.5 | 61.4 | 37.9 | 27.0 | <.001 |
| Hospitalized fall 1 year before index date | 8.5 | 9.9 | 15.1 | 6.8 | 8.7 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 8.0 | 5.1 | 9.0 | 4.2 | <.001 |
HoNOS, Health of the Nation Outcome Scales; SD, standard deviation.
Unless otherwise noted, values are percentages.
∗
P value for heterogeneity across diagnostic groups, calculated from chi2 tests or 1-way analysis of variance.
†
At or closest to index date.
‡
Ascertained in a window of 1 year around the index date.