Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2020 Dec 8;10:426. doi: 10.1038/s41398-020-01108-6

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Fig. 5 — Gad1^−/− rats displayed significant cognitive impairments in multiple tasks. a–f Morris water maze task (Gad1^+/+, n = 12; Gad1^+/+, n = 12). Gad1^−/− rats required a longer time to reach the hidden platform during the 5-day training period (main effect of genotype, F(1, 22) = 20.4574, p < 0.001) (a). However, the swimming speed of the Gad1^−/− rat was very similar to that of the Gad1^+/+ rat (main effect of genotype, F(1, 22) = 0.5307, p = 0.4740) (b). Representative trajectories of Gad1^+/+ (c) and Gad1^−/− (d) rats in the probe test. The target quadrant is shown in the panels. In Gad1^−/− rats, the accumulation of the trajectory to the target was decreased. The percentage of time spent within the target quadrant was significantly reduced in Gad1^−/− rats compared with Gad1^+/+ rats (t(17.033) = −2.9599, p < 0.01) (e). There was no significant difference between genotypes in the visible platform task (t(19.591) = −1.3764, p = 0.1842) (f). g–h Y-maze test for working memory (Gad1^+/+, n = 12; Gad1^+/+ n = 11). Gad1^−/− rats showed less alternation behavior than Gad1^+/+ rats (t(18.877) = –4.0583, p < 0.001) (g). The number of entries to arms was also slightly decreased in Gad1^−/− rats (t(20.453) = –1.8815, p = 0.07422) (h). i–k Eight-arm radial maze task for working memory (Gad1^+/+, n = 12; Gad1^−/−, n = 12). Gad1^−/− rats showed a different pattern in the learning curve from that of Gad1^+/+ rats (genotype × trials, F(9, 198) = 9.1844, p < 0.001). At the end of the training, the number of correct choices was less in Gad1^−/− rats than in Gad1^+/+ rats (simple main effects of genotype, adjusted by Holm’s method; 7th to 9th, p < 0.01; 10th, p < 0.05). However, in the second block, Gad1^−/− rats transiently scored higher than WT rats (2nd, p = 0.05227) (i). Gad1^−/− rats also needed more trials to reach the learning criterion of the task (t(13.78) = 4.3409, p < 0.001) (j). Running time per choice was decreased in Gad1^−/− rats (t(21.868) = 2.3065, p < 0.05) (k). The results are presented as the average ± SEM. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA (a, b, i) and Welch’s t-test (e–h, j, k). ^†p < 0.1, p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001; NS, not significant.