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Modified chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells to ameliorate treatment efficacy by counteracting the immunosuppressive glioblastoma (GBM) tumor microenvironment (TME). The co-expression of an activating chimeric switch receptor (CSR), that combines the extracellular ligand-binding domain of an inhibitory receptor (PD-1 or CTLA-4) fused through a transmembrane domain with the cytoplasmic co-stimulatory signaling domain of CD28, could improve CAR-T cell efficacy in GBM.
