Table 1.

Summary of the proposed pathophysiological domains, imaging modalities, main findings and emerging approaches in the schizophrenia literature.

	Hypothesized measures	Imaging modality	Frequently replicated findings in schizophrenia	Emerging approaches
Brain structure	Gray matter White matter tracts Synapse and neurite integrity	Structural MRI DTI	Widespread gray and white matter deficits, in particular in prefrontal and temporal regions, larger ventricles	Machine learning analyses NODDI, synaptic vesicle imaging High field MRI (7T) Shape analyses
Brain function	Cerebral blood flow Resting-state brain function Task-related brain function Neuroinflammation	PET, SPECT, Resting state fMRI, ASL, Task-fMRI	Prefrontal hypoperfusion Altered function of default mode networks Altered task-related activation of prefrontal and temporal regions	Pseudo-continuous ASL Free water DTI
Brain connectivity	Long and short range connectivity, Connectome organization	fMRI, DTI	Decreased long and short range connectivity Reduced connectome efficiency and altered modularity	Graph theory approaches
Brain chemistry	Dopamine Serotonin Glutamate GABA Neuropil integrity Neuropil synthesis and metabolism	PET PET, MRS 1H MRS 1H MRS, PET 1H MRS 31P MRS	Increased presynaptic dopamine Variable alterations in regional glutamate and GABA levels Reductions in N-acetyl aspartate Alterations in membrane phospholipid metabolites	High field MRS (7T) Neuromelanin MRI to investigate dopamine
Genetics	Multi-factorial, polygenic	Structural MRI, DTI,	Common variants associated with human hippocampal and intracranial volumes	Imaging genomics

MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; PET: Positron emission tomography; fMRI: Functional Magnetic resonance Imaging; DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; ASL: Arterial spin labelling; NODDI: Neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging; GABA: Gamma aminobutyric acid