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Legend: Percentage change in various HRV indices following voluntary apnea, bradypnea, and tachypnea. Significant decrease in RMSSD and pNN50 and marked increase in LF/HF and LF after 3 minutes of bradypnea and tachypnea was seen. Apnea did not cause any significant change.
Source: Authors.
Note: Values are represented as mean ± SE (***p < .001).
