Table 4.
Factors associated with psychological distress during COVID-19
| Background characteristics | At least one symptom | Two or more symptoms | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusteda | Unadjusted | Adjusteda | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 0.79* (0.66–0.96) | 0.80* (0.65–0.99) | 0.81* (0.67–0.99) | 0.81 (0.65–1.02) |
| Age | 0.98*** (0.97–0.99) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | 0.98*** (0.97–0.99) | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Unmarried | ||||
| Married | 0.81* (0.67–0.98) | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 0.76** (0.62–0.92) | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) |
| Children under 2 years and pregnancy in the household | ||||
| Neither | ||||
| Pregnancy only | 0.95 (0.65–1.38) | 0.88 (0.59–1.32) | 1.06 (0.71–1.58) | 0.99 (0.64–1.52) |
| Children under 2 years only | 1.11 (0.88–1.40) | 1.00 (0.77–1.29) | 1.18 (0.92–1.51) | 1.07 (0.81–1.40) |
| Pregnancy and children under 2 years | 1.23 (0.87–1.74) | 1.18 (0.81–1.71) | 1.00 (0.69–1.45) | 0.92 (0.62–1.38) |
| Current residence | ||||
| Own house | ||||
| Rented room/house | 1.54*** (1.28–1.85) | 1.56*** (1.28–1.91) | 1.50*** (1.24–1.82) | 1.54*** (1.24–1.90) |
| Occupation | ||||
| Agriculture/labour/household work | ||||
| Service | 0.37*** (0.26–0.52) | 0.58** (0.40–0.85) | 0.36*** (0.26–0.51) | 0.61** (0.42–0.87) |
| Business | 0.42*** (0.27–0.65) | 0.68 (0.43–1.08) | 0.50*** (0.32–0.76) | 0.89 (0.56–1.42) |
| Health worker | 0.29*** (0.20–0.42) | 0.42*** (0.28–0.62) | 0.30*** (0.20–0.43) | 0.45*** (0.30–0.68) |
| Student | 0.70 (0.47–1.03) | 0.74 (0.48–1.14) | 0.78 (0.54–1.13) | 0.80 (0.53–1.23) |
| Other | 0.57** (0.38–0.84) | 0.83 (0.54–1.26) | 0.61** (0.41–0.89) | 0.90** (0.59–1.36) |
| Family monthly income | ||||
| Less than 10,000 | ||||
| 10,000–20,000 | 0.65** (0.47–0.91) | 0.72 (0.51–1.02) | 0.56*** (0.41–0.76) | 0.60** (0.43–0.83) |
| 20,001–50,000 | 0.32*** (0.24–0.44) | 0.42*** (0.30–0.59) | 0.26*** (0.19–0.35) | 0.34*** (0.24–0.47) |
| Above 50,000 | 0.22*** (0.16–0.30) | 0.29*** (0.20–0.41) | 0.19*** (0.14–0.27) | 0.25*** (0.18–0.36) |
| Province | ||||
| Province 1 | ||||
| Province 2 | 1.71** (1.09–2.68) | 1.80* (1.12–2.89) | 1.71* (1.10–2.66) | 1.79* (1.12–2.87) |
| Bagmati Province (only Capital city) | 0.83 (0.60–1.16) | 0.88 (0.59–1.31) | 0.85 (0.60–1.19) | 0.97 (0.64–1.49) |
| Bagmati Province (excluding Capital city) | 0.59* (0.39–0.91) | 0.62* (0.39–0.98) | 0.53** (0.33–0.84) | 0.57* (0.34–0.94) |
| Gandaki Province | 0.76 (0.51–1.13) | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | 0.58* (0.38–0.90) | 0.68 (0.41–0.11) |
| Province 5 | 0.71 (0.48–1.07) | 0.80 (0.53–1.22) | 0.71 (0.46–1.09) | 0.81 (0.51–1.28) |
| Karnali Province | 1.00 (0.65–1.54) | 1.03 (0.63–1.68) | 1.08 (0.69–1.68) | 1.21 (0.72–1.02) |
| Sudurpashchim Province | 0.98 (0.64–1.48) | 1.02 (0.66–1.57) | 1.06 (0.69–1.64) | 1.13 (0.72–1.79) |
| Ecological zone | ||||
| Hill/mountain | ||||
| Terai | 1.08 (0.90–1.31) | 0.99 (0.75–1.32) | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | 1.12 (0.83–1.52) |
OR, odd ratio; CI, confidence interval
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001
aadjusted for sex, marital status, children under 2 years and pregnancy in the household, current residence, occupation and family monthly income