Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population
| Variables | Place of management |
Total (N = 243) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home (n = 39) | Ward (n = 167) | ICU (n = 37) | |||
| Male sex | 24 (61.54) | 121 (72.46) | 26 (70.27) | 171 (70.37) | .4051 |
| Age at symptoms, ya,b | 54 (37.0–61.0) | 64 (57.0–72.0) | 64 (58.0–68.0) | 63 (55.0–69.0) | <.0001 |
| Age class at symptoms, ya,b | <.0001 | ||||
| ≤50 | 16 (41.03) | 20 (11.98) | 3 (8.11) | 39 (16.05) | |
| 50–60 | 11 (28.21) | 39 (23.35) | 10 (27.03) | 60 (24.69) | |
| 60–70 | 9 (23.08) | 59 (35.33) | 20 (54.05) | 88 (36.21) | |
| >70 | 1 (2.56) | 48 (28.74) | 4 (10.81) | 53 (21.81) | |
| Location of patient at occurrence of symptomsb | .0119 | ||||
| Home | 39 (100.00) | 148 (88.62) | 30 (81.08) | 217 (89.30) | |
| Hospital | 0 (0.00) | 19 (11.38) | 7 (18.92) | 26 (10.70) | |
| Time between last LT and COVID-19 symptoms, y | 6 (2.2–10.9) | 9 (3.8–15.4) | 5 (1.5–13.3) | 8 (3.1–15.0) | .0295 |
| Time between last LT and COVID-19 symptoms | .1005 | ||||
| <1 year | 5 (12.82) | 19 (11.38) | 7 (18.92) | 31 (12.76) | |
| 1–5 years | 12 (30.77) | 32 (19.16) | 11 (29.73) | 55 (22.63) | |
| 5–10 years | 9 (23.08) | 34 (20.36) | 7 (18.92) | 50 (20.58) | |
| ≥10 years | 10 (25.64) | 81 (48.50) | 10 (27.03) | 101 (41.56) | |
| Missing | 3 (7.69) | 1 (0.60) | 2 (5.41) | 6 (2.47) | |
| Indication for LT | |||||
| Decompensated cirrhosis | 21 (53.85) | 96 (57.49) | 24 (64.86) | 141 (58.02) | .6034 |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 8 (20.51) | 43 (25.75) | 12 (32.43) | 63 (25.93) | .4933 |
| Otherb | 10 (25.64) | 29 (17.37) | 1 (2.70) | 40 (16.46) | .0226 |
| Etiology | |||||
| Alcohola | 3 (7.69) | 49 (29.34) | 8 (21.62) | 60 (24.69) | .0149 |
| After nonalcoholic steatohepatitis | 2 (5.13) | 10 (5.99) | 6 (16.22) | 18 (7.41) | .1262 |
| Hepatitis B virus | 5 (12.82) | 34 (20.36) | 4 (10.81) | 43 (17.70) | .2492 |
| Hepatitis C virus active or inactive | 10 (25.64) | 41 (24.55) | 11 (29.73) | 62 (25.51) | .8282 |
| Othera | 20 (51.28) | 49 (29.34) | 10 (27.03) | 79 (32.51) | .0256 |
| Missing | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.20) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.82) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.5 (22.0–28.9) | 25.8 (23.4–29.4) | 27.9 (24.5–29.9) | 25.9 (23.4–29.4) | .1701 |
| Missing | 3 (7.69) | 18 (10.78) | 1 (2.70) | 22 (9.05) | |
| Body mass index >30 kg/m2 | 7 (17.95) | 30 (17.96) | 9 (24.32) | 46 (18.93) | .7924 |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Nonea,b | 19 (48.72) | 35 (20.96) | 3 (8.11) | 57 (23.46) | <.0001 |
| Diabetesb | 8 (20.51) | 67 (40.12) | 19 (51.35) | 94 (38.68) | .0176 |
| Hypertensionb,c | 11 (28.21) | 71 (42.51) | 29 (78.38) | 111 (45.68) | <.0001 |
| Chronic lung disease | 3 (7.69) | 20 (11.98) | 2 (5.41) | 25 (10.29) | .5267 |
| Chronic kidney diseased | 4 (10.26) | 37 (22.16) | 8 (21.62) | 49 (20.16) | .2419 |
| Coronary artery disease | 3 (7.69) | 9 (5.39) | 5 (13.51) | 17 (7.00) | .2071 |
| Other | 4 (10.26) | 34 (20.36) | 5 (13.51) | 43 (17.70) | .2541 |
| Number of comorbiditiesa,b | .0002 | ||||
| 0 | 19 (48.72) | 35 (20.96) | 3 (8.11) | 57 (23.46) | |
| 1 | 11 (28.21) | 57 (34.13) | 11 (29.73) | 79 (32.51) | |
| ≥2 | 9 (23.08) | 75 (44.91) | 23 (62.16) | 107 (44.03) | |
| Drugs | |||||
| β-Blockers | 6 (15.38) | 34 (20.36) | 10 (27.03) | 50 (20.58) | .4515 |
| ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor antagonistsa,b | 1 (2.56) | 47 (28.14) | 11 (29.73) | 59 (24.28) | .0025 |
| Smoking | .3508 | ||||
| Missing | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.60) | 1 (2.70) | 2 (0.82) | |
| No | 35 (89.74) | 151 (90.42) | 30 (81.08) | 216 (88.89) | |
| Yes | 4 (10.26) | 15 (8.98) | 6 (16.22) | 25 (10.29) | |
| Type of immunosuppressante | |||||
| TAC | 32 (82.05) | 106 (63.47) | 24 (64.86) | 162 (66.67) | .0831 |
| MMF | 15 (38.46) | 80 (47.90) | 24 (64.86) | 119 (48.97) | .0627 |
| Steroids | 7 (17.95) | 35 (20.96) | 14 (37.84) | 56 (23.05) | .0625 |
| mTOR | 5 (12.82) | 27 (16.17) | 5 (13.51) | 37 (15.23) | .8296 |
| CsA | 1 (2.56) | 23 (13.77) | 5 (13.51) | 29 (11.93) | .1188 |
| Other | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.60) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (0.41) | >.9999 |
| Combinations of immunosuppressant | |||||
| CsA only | 1 (2.56) | 10 (5.99) | 2 (5.41) | 13 (5.35) | .8264 |
| CsA, MMF | 0 (0.00) | 7 (4.19) | 2 (5.41) | 9 (3.70) | .3842 |
| CsA, steroids | 0 (0.00) | 3 (1.80) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (1.23) | .9999 |
| CsA, MMF, steroids | 0 (0.00) | 3 (1.80) | 1 (2.70) | 4 (1.65) | .5697 |
| TAC only | 12 (30.77) | 36 (21.56) | 6 (16.22) | 54 (22.22) | .2918 |
| TAC, MMF | 12 (30.77) | 35 (20.96) | 5 (13.51) | 52 (21.40) | .1806 |
| TAC, mTOR | 2 (5.13) | 10 (5.99) | 0 (0.00) | 12 (4.94) | .4209 |
| TAC, steroids, or other | 6 (15.38) | 16 (9.58) | 5 (13.51) | 27 (11.11) | .4473 |
| TAC, MMF, mTOR | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.70) | 1 (0.41) | .1523 |
| TAC, MMF, steroidsb | 0 (0.00) | 9 (5.39) | 6 (16.22) | 15 (6.17) | .011 |
| TAC, MMF, mTOR, steroids | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (2.70) | 1 (0.41) | .1523 |
| MMF only | 3 (7.69) | 17 (10.18) | 4 (10.81) | 24 (9.88) | .8966 |
| MMF, mTOR | 0 (0.00) | 7 (4.19) | 3 (8.11) | 10 (4.12) | .1712 |
| MMF, steroids | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.20) | 1 (2.70) | 3 (1.23) | .4484 |
| mTOR only | 2 (5.13) | 9 (5.39) | 0 (0.00) | 11 (4.53) | .4577 |
| mTOR, steroids | 1 (2.56) | 1 (0.60) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.82) | .5286 |
| Steroids only | 0 (0.00) | 2 (1.20) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (0.82) | >.9999 |
| Most recent values before symptoms | |||||
| White blood cells, 109/L | 5.1 (4.4–6.5) | 5.2 (3.9–6.7) | 6.0 (4.3–6.7) | 5.2 (4.0–6.7) | .9274 |
| Bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.5–1.0) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) | 0.6 (0.5–1.0) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | .7569 |
| Creatinine, mg/dLa,b | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | .019 |
| ALT, U/L | 23.0 (17.0–32.0) | 20.0 (15.0–31.0) | 23.0 (17.0–34.0) | 20.0 (16.0–32.0) | .3607 |
NOTE. Data are presented n (%) or median (1st–3rd quartile).
ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors.
a
P value ward vs home ≤.05.
b
P value ICU vs home ≤.05.
c
P value ICU vs ward ≤.05.
d
Plasma creatinine >2 mg/dL.
e
Patients can be treated with >1 therapy; therefore, percentages do not sum to 100.