Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
|
General population | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study first author (year) | Country | Sampling | Sample size | Male (%) | Mean age | Caucasian (%)/African-American (%)/Asian (%) | Quality of endoscopy reported ? | How EGJ was defined ? | Seattle protocol used? | Esophagitis present during BE diagnosis? | Prevalence (%) |
| Endoscopic suspicion of BE (ESBE) with histologic confirmation of intestinal metaplasia | |||||||||||
| ESBE≥1 cm | |||||||||||
| Prospective study | |||||||||||
| Crews (2016)10 | USA | Prospective population cohort | 205 | 46 | 70 | 98.5/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Unknown | No | 7.8 |
| Jacobson (2011)11 | USA | Women that underwent EGD | 20,167 | 0 | 30–55 (range) | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.73 |
| Jung (2011)12 | USA | Prospective population cohort | 182,605 | – | 63 | 89/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Unknown | Yes | 0.22 |
| Connor (2004)13 | USA | Patients with dyspepsia that underwent EGD | 264 | 95 | 57 | 73/22/- | Yes | Gastric folds | Unknown | Yes | 6.1 |
| Pascarenco (2014)14 | Romania | Patients that underwent EGD | 286 | 52.4 | 59.9 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Yes | 6.6 |
| Kuo (2010)15 | Taiwan | Patients that underwent EGD | 736 | 51 | 50.5 | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Yes | 1.8 |
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||||||
| Rex (2003)16 | USA | Patients that underwent colonoscopy | 961 | 59.5 | 59 | 78/20.3/- | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | No | 3.3 |
| Retrospective study | |||||||||||
| Khoury (2012)17 | USA | Patients that underwent EGD | 7308 | 36.4 | 57.3 | 83/14/- | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 1.57 |
| Kula (2007)18 | Poland | Patients that underwent EGD | 6326 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | 1.1 |
| Elizondo (2017)19 | Mexico | Patients that underwent EGD | 500 | 37.6 | 54 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | No | 1.8 |
| Kim (2007)20 | South Korea | Patients that underwent 1st EGD | 70,103 | – | 51 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Unknown | Yes | 0.22 |
| ESBE irrespective of length | |||||||||||
| Prospective study | |||||||||||
| Gerson (2002)21 | USA | Asymptomatic patients that underwent colonoscopy | 110 | 91,8 | 61 | 73/14/4 | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 25 |
| Gerson (2009)22 | USA | Asymptomatic women that underwent colonoscopy or EGD before bariatric surgery | 126 | 0 | 58 (colonoscopy)42 (bariatric) | 72/2/20 (colonoscopy) 71/19/2 (bariatric) | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | 6 |
| Zagari (2008)23 | Italy | Prospective population cohort | 1033 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 1.3 |
| Zaninotto (2001)24 | Italy | Patients with dyspepsia that underwent their 1st EGD | 240 | 51.7 | 56 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Unknown | 0.83 |
| GOSPE (1991)25 | Italy | Patients that underwent EGD | 14,898 | 57.3 | 57 | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | No | Yes | 0.46 |
| Katsinelos (2013)26 | Greece | Patients with dyspepsia that underwent an EGD | 1990 | 52 | 47.48 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Yes | 3.8 |
| Dina (2015)27 | Romania | Patients that underwent EGD | 1261 | 53 | 57 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 2.85 |
| Jonaitis (2011)28 | Lithuania | Patients n with upper gastrointestinal symptoms that underwent EGD | 4032 | 39.6 | 45.13 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Yes | 0.82 |
| Fagundes (2003)29 | Brazil | Patients that underwent EGD | 1276 | – | – | 100/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.63 |
| Csendes (2000)30 | Chile | Patients with dyspepsia | 306 | 32.7 | 48 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Yes | 0 |
| Amano (2006)31 | Japan | Patients that underwent EGD | 1668 | 57.2 | 63.5 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Yes | 6.4 |
| Peng (2009)32 | China | Patients that underwent EGD | 2580 | 49.5 | 45 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Yes | 1.05 |
| Zhang (2012)33 | China | Patients that underwent EGD | 139,416 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Yes | 0,17 |
| Wong (2002)34 | China | Patients that underwent EGD | 16,606 | – | 67.4 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | 0.06 |
| Yeh (1997)35 | Taiwan | Patients that underwent 1st EGD | 464 | 43.3 | 47 | −/−/96 | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 1.98 |
| Khamechian (2013)36 | Iran | Patients with dyspepsia that underwent their 1st EGD | 1144 | – | 45.2 | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | No | Yes | 3.7 |
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||||||
| Chak (2014)37 | USA | Hospital cohort | 177 | 100 | 58 | 41/58/- | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 4.5 |
| Ward (2006)38 | USA | Patients that underwent colonoscopy | 300 | 54 | 71.8 (median) | 83/14/2 | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | 16.7 |
| Spechler (1994)39 | USA | Patients that underwent EGD | 156 | 48.7 | 53 | 90/7/1 | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Yes | 10 |
| van Zanten (2006)40 | Canada | Patients with dyspepsia that underwent their 1st EGD | 1040 | 95/−/− | No | Unknown | No | Unknown | 2.4 | ||
| Johansson (2005)41 | Sweden | Patients that underwent 1st EGD | 769 | 43 | 53 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Yes | 3.8 |
| Ronkainen (2005)42 | Sweden | Population sample | 1000 | 49 | 53.5 (median) | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Yes | 1.6 |
| Voutilaine (2000)43 | Finland | Patients that underwent EGD | 1128 | 42 | 47 (median) | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.98 |
| de Mas (1999)44 | Germany | Patients that underwent EGD | 370 | 48.4 | 58.7 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 10 |
| Freitas (2008)45 | Brazil | Patients that underwent 1st EGD | 104 | 49 | 65 | 85.6/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | 3.8 |
| Cárdenas (2010)46 | Peru | Patients that underwent EGD | 11,970 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | No | Yes | 0.25 |
| Chacaltana (2009)47 | Peru | Population cohort | 2273 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.48 |
| Toruner (2004)48 | Turkey | Patients that underwent EGD | 395 | 43.3 | 57 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Yes | 7.4 |
| Lee (2011)49 | Malaysia | Patients that underwent 1st EGD | 1895 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | 0.37 |
| Rosaida (2004)50 | Malaysia | Patients with dyspepsia that underwent EGD | 1000 | 44.2 | 51.1 | −/−/68.9 | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 2 |
| Xiong (2010)51 | China | Patients that underwent EGD | 2022 | 52 | 46.97 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 1.04 |
| Lee (2003)52 | South Korea | Patients n with upper gastrointestinal symptoms that underwent EGD | 1553 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Intramucosal vessels | No | Yes | 0.32 |
| Fireman (2001)53 | Israel | Patients that underwent EGD | 112 | 51.8 | 49.8 | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | No | Yes | 2.7 |
| Retrospective study | |||||||||||
| Bersentes (1998)54 | USA | Patients that underwent EGD | 1541 | 98 | 65 | 75.9/1.7/<0.1 | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 12.4 |
| Robles (1995)55 | Spain | Patients that underwent EGD | 5303 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.53 |
| De Carli (2017)56 | Brazil | Patients that underwent EGD | 5996 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.78 |
| Peña (2005)57 | Mexico | Patients that underwent EGD | 4947 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.26 |
| Yilmaz (2006)58 | Turkey | Patients that underwent EGD | 18,766 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Yes | 0.4 |
| Endoscopic suspicion of BE (ESBE) with histologic confirmation of columnar metaplasia | |||||||||||
| ESBE≥1 cm | |||||||||||
| ESBE irrespective of length | |||||||||||
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||||||
| Siwiec (2012)59 | USA | Volunteers | 150 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 3.3 |
| Connio (2001)60 | USA | Database with EGD | Unknown | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.08 |
| Cameron (1990)61 | USA | Autopsy with endoscopy performed in 83% of the autopsy esophagus | 733 | 61 | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 0.95 |
| Cameron (1992)62 | USA | Patients that underwent EGD | 51,311 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | 0.83 |
| Coleman (2011)63 | North Ireland | Patients that underwent EGD | 197,635 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 4.7 |
| Ford (2004)64 | UK | Patients that underwent EGD | 20,417 | 48 | 56 | 69/5/26 | No | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | 3.6 |
| GOSPE (1991)25 | Italy | Patients that underwent EGD | 14,898 | 57.3 | 57 | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | No | Yes | 0.58 |
| Taghipour-Zahir (2012)65 | Iran | Patients that underwent EGD | 681 | 62.7 | 62.04 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 18.86 |
| Retrospective study | |||||||||||
| Andreollo (1997)66 | Brazil | Patients that underwent EGD | 2381 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | 2.57 |
| Endoscopic suspicion of BE (ESBE) | |||||||||||
| ESBE≥1 cm | |||||||||||
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||||||
| Yamagishi (2008)67 | Japan | Patients that underwent EGD | 6307 | 49.2 | 62.7 | −/−/− | No | Intramucosal vessels | NA | Unknown | 1.7 |
| Azuma (2000)68 | Japan | Hospital cohort | 650 | 79 | 52.6 | −/−/− | No | Intramucosal vessels | NA | Unknown | 3.12 |
| ESBE irrespective of length | |||||||||||
| Prospective study | |||||||||||
| Zullo (2014)69 | Italy | Patients that underwent 1st EGD | 1054 | 37 | 57.5 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 1.6 |
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||||||
| Akiyama (2010)70 | Japan | Patients that underwent EGD with intact stomach | 160 | 75.6 | 68 (median) | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | NA | Unknown | 47.5 |
| Alexandropoulou (2012)71 | UK | National database | Unknown | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 1.29 |
| Blankenstein (2005)72 | UK | Patients that underwent 1st EGD | 21,899 | 50 | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 2.25 |
| Loffeld (2003)73 | Netherlands | Patients that underwent 1st EGD | 11,691 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 2.4 |
| López-Colombo (2018)74 | Mexico | Patients that underwent EGD | 239 | 45.6 | 53 | −/−/− | No | Intramucosal vessels | NA | Unknown | 23 |
| Shimoyama (2012)75 | Japan | Patients that underwent EGD | 832 | 40.7 | 67.6 | −/−/− | Yes | Intramucosal vessels | NA | Yes | 22.1 |
| Okita (2008)76 | Japan | Patients that underwent EGD | 5338 | 60 | 69 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | NA | Unknown | 37.6 |
| Fujiwara (2003)77 | Japan | Patients that underwent EGD | 548 | 54 | 57.3 | −/−/− | Yes | Intramucosal vessels | NA | Unknown | 12.2 |
| Niu (2012)78 | China | Population cohort | 1995 | 72 | 44 | 0/0/100 | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 2.8 |
| Zou (2011)79 | China | Population sample | 1029 | 42.4 | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Yes | 1.8 |
| Tseng (2008)80 | China | Patients that underwent EGD | 19,812 | 55.2 | 51.6 | 0/0/100 | Yes | Gastric folds | NA | Yes | 0.28 |
| Park (2009)81 | Korea | Patients that underwent EGD | 25,536 | 59.5 | 46.7 | 0/0/100 | No | NA | Yes | 3.4 | |
| Choi (2002)82 | Korea | Patients that underwent EGD | 847 | 45.1 | 48.7 | −/−/− | Yes | Intramucosal vessels | NA | Yes | 17 |
| Masri (2015)83 | Lebanon | Patients that underwent EGD | 16,787 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 1.3 |
| Rezailashkajani (2007)84 | Iran | Patients that underwent EGD | 501 | 39 | 44.7 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Yes | 0.2 |
| Retrospective study | |||||||||||
| Smith (2009)85 | USA | Patients that underwent EGD | 135 | – | – | 12.6/1/- | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 3.6 |
| Masclee (2014)86 | Netherlands | National database | 1,487,191 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 0.15 |
| Alcedo (2009)87 | Spain | Patients that underwent EGD | 58,190 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Yes | 0.66 |
| Fujimoto (2013)88 | Japan | Patients that underwent EGD | 18,792 | 70.8 | 54.2 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 7.9 |
| Akiyama (2009)89 | Japan | Patients that underwent EGD | 846 | 53 | 66 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | NA | Yes | 43 |
| Endoscopic suspicion of BE (ESBE) with histologic confirmation of intestinal metaplasia | |||||||||||
| ESBE≥1 cm | |||||||||||
| Prospective study | |||||||||||
| Crews (2016)10 | USA | Prospective population cohort | 68 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Unknown | No | 8.8 |
| Mathew (2011)90 | India | Patients with symptoms | 278 | 53.6 | 39.97 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | No | 8.99 |
| Kuo (2010)15 | Taiwan | Patients that underwent EGD | 344 | 55.5 | 49.8 | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Yes | 3.8 |
| Retrospective study | |||||||||||
| Elizondo (2017)19 | Mexico | Patients that underwent EGD | 125 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | No | 7.2 |
| ESBE irrespective of length | |||||||||||
| Prospective study | |||||||||||
| Romero (2002)91 | USA | Patients with GERD symptoms and no family relatives with BE | 100 | 59 | 47 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Yes | 6 |
| Zagari (2015)23 | Italy | Prospective population cohort | 458 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 1.5 |
| Dina (2015)27 | Romania | Patients that underwent EGD | 527 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 4.93 |
| Fagundes (2003)29 | Brazil | Patients that underwent EGD | 326 | – | – | 100/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 2.5 |
| Csendes (2003)92 | Chile | Patients that underwent EGD | 1480 | – | 54.5 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 13.65 |
| Csendes (2000)30 | Chile | Patients with symptoms | 376 | 41.5 | 49 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Yes | 11.4 |
| Sharifi (2014)93 | Iran | Patients with symptoms | 736 | 55.8 | 48.9 | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Yes | 4.6 |
| Fouad (2009)94 | Egypt | Patients with symptoms | 1000 | 76.4 | 38.81 | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | No | 7.3 |
| Zhang (2012)95 | China | Patients that underwent EGD | 593 | 57.1 | – | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | 4.6 |
| Peng (2009)32 | China | Patients that underwent EGD | 310 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Yes | 5.2 |
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||||||
| Ramirez (2008)96 | USA | Patients with symptoms | 100 | 86 | – | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 27 |
| Ward (2006)38 | USA | Patients that underwent colonoscopy | 105 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Yes | Unknown | 19.8 |
| Jobe (2006)97 | USA | Patients with symptoms | 121 | 80 | 59 | 95/4/- | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 29.8 |
| Winters (1987)98 | USA | Patients with symptoms | 97 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | No | Unknown | 6.18 |
| Ronkainen (2011)99 | Sweden | Population cohort | 284 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Unknown | Unknown | Yes | 8.1 |
| Ronkainen (2005)42 | Sweden | Population sample | 399 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Yes | 2.3 |
| Voutilaine (2000)43 | Finland | Patients that underwent EGD | 248 | 52 | 56 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 4 |
| Conio (1988)100 | Italy | Patients that underwent EGD | 102 | 55.9 | 30–83 (range) | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 4.9 |
| Wani (2014)101 | India | Patients with symptoms | 378 | 66.7 | 48.15 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 2.38 |
| Yin (2012)102 | China | Patients with symptoms | 528 | – | – | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 6.06 |
| Retrospective study | |||||||||||
| Chavalitdhamrong (2011)103 | USA | Patients that underwent esophageal capsule endoscopy | 502 | 54.9 | 54.2 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 1.19 |
| Banki (2005)104 | USA | Patients with symptoms | 796 | 58 | 52 | −/−/− | No | Gastric folds | Yes | Unknown | 26 |
| Spechler (2002)105 | USA | Patients that underwent EGD | 2477 | 48 | 58 | 87.8/10/2 | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 8.1 |
| De Carli (2017)56 | Brazil | Patients that underwent EGD | 1769 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 2.7 |
| Gado (2015)106 | Egypt | Patients that underwent EGD | 433 | 59 | 45 | −/−/− | Yes | Gastric folds | No | Unknown | 1.2 |
| Endoscopic suspicion of BE (ESBE) with histologic confirmation of columnar metaplasia | |||||||||||
| ESBE≥1 cm | |||||||||||
| ESBE irrespective of length | |||||||||||
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||||||
| Siwiec (2012)59 | USA | Volunteers | 67 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 4.5 |
| Winters (1987)98 | USA | Patients with symptoms | 97 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | No | Unknown | 12.3 |
| Conio (1988)100 | Italy | Patients that underwent EGD | 102 | 55.9 | 30–83 (range) | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 11.8 |
| Arróspide (2003)107 | Peru | Patients that underwent EGD | 345 | 49.6 | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | 5.8 |
| Endoscopic suspicion of BE (ESBE) | |||||||||||
| ESBE≥1 cm | |||||||||||
| ESBE irrespective of length | |||||||||||
| Prospective study | |||||||||||
| Lin (2018)108 | USA | Patients that underwent EGD | 73,535 | 48.2 | 53.8 | 80.9/4.2/1.8 | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 5.6 |
| Kulig (2004)109 | Germany, Austria, and Switzerland | Hospital based-cohort | 6215 | 53 | 54 | 99/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 11 |
| Pelechas (2013)110 | Greece | Patients with symptoms | 406 | 63.1 | 48.7 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 4.9 |
| Cross-sectional study | |||||||||||
| Abdul-Razzak (2007)111 | Jordan | Patients that underwent EGD | 100 | 50 | 37.62 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 4 |
| Zou (2011)79 | China | Population sample | 48 | – | – | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Yes | 2.1 |
| Retrospective study | |||||||||||
| Nassif (2012)112 | Brazil | Patients that underwent EGD | 207 | 34.78 | 47.43 | −/−/− | No | Unknown | NA | Unknown | 6.28 |
BE: Barrett’s esophagus; EGD: esophagogastroduodenoscopy; EGJ: means esophagogastric junction; ESBE: endoscopic suspicion of Barrett’s esophagus; GERD: gastroesophageal reflux disease; GOSPE: Gruppo Operativo per lo Studio delle Precancerosi dell’Esofago; NA: not applicable.