Table 3. Mixed-Effects Multivariable Regression Models.
| Characteristic | Odds ratio (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of ISH among participants with untreated hypertension | Awareness of ISH among participants with untreated ISH | |||
| Model 1: ISH vs normotension | Model 2: ISH vs IDH | Model 3: ISH vs SDH | ||
| Age | ||||
| Per 5 y | 1.72 (1.70-1.74) | 1.39 (1.37-1.42) | 1.07 (1.06-1.09) | 1.22 (1.16-1.28) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Female | 1.14 (1.12-1.17) | 2.41 (2.33-2.49) | 1.58 (1.54-1.62) | 1.36 (1.24-1.50) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Unmarried | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Married | 0.99 (0.94-1.03) | 1.01 (0.94-1.09) | 1.04 (0.99-1.10) | 0.99 (0.83-1.18) |
| Annual household income, yuana | ||||
| <10 000 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| 10 000-50 000 | 0.95 (0.93-0.98) | 1.01 (0.97-1.05) | 1.01 (0.98-1.04) | 0.83 (0.75-0.91) |
| >50 000 | 0.85 (0.83-0.88) | 0.93 (0.89-0.98) | 0.96 (0.93-1.00) | 0.85 (0.75-0.96) |
| Educational level | ||||
| <College | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| ≥College | 0.71 (0.69-0.73) | 0.74 (0.71-0.78) | 0.77 (0.74-0.79) | 1.12 (0.99-1.27) |
| Health insurance status | ||||
| Uninsured | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Insured | 1.22 (1.11-1.34) | 1.17 (1.00-1.36) | 1.08 (0.97-1.20) | 1.04 (0.71-1.53) |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Current smoking | 0.95 (0.92-0.97) | 0.95 (0.92-0.99) | 0.95 (0.92-0.98) | 1.27 (1.14-1.43) |
| Current alcohol use | 1.21 (1.18-1.25) | 0.75 (0.73-0.78) | 0.71 (0.69-0.73) | 1.31 (1.19-1.45) |
| Diabetes | 1.79 (1.74-1.84) | 1.05 (1.01-1.10) | 0.87 (0.85-0.90) | 1.58 (1.44-1.72) |
| Obesity | 2.10 (2.06-2.14) | 0.75 (0.73-0.78) | 0.62 (0.60-0.63) | 1.49 (1.38-1.61) |
| Previous cardiovascular event(s) | 2.23 (2.07-2.41) | 0.99 (0.89-1.10) | 0.68 (0.63-0.74) | 3.92 (3.19-4.81) |
| Geographic region of residence | ||||
| Western | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| Central | 1.19 (1.17-1.22) | 1.18 (1.14-1.22) | 1.06 (1.03-1.09) | 1.06 (0.97-1.15) |
| Eastern | 1.54 (1.51-1.57) | 1.61 (1.56-1.67) | 1.30 (1.27-1.33) | 0.81 (0.75-0.88) |
Abbreviations: IDH, isolated diastolic hypertension; ISH, isolated systolic hypertension; SDH, systolic-diastolic hypertension.
a
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