Table 1.

Summary of literature evaluating the influence of age and sex on left ventricular systolic function

First author, year	Subjects	Age (years)	Results
Redfield et al., 2005 [41]	2042 subjects (984 men, 1058 women)	≥ 45	Age: ↑ end-systolic elastance (Ees) Age × Sex: adjusted for age, LV systolic elastance was higher in women than men. LV systolic elastance increased with age in men and women, but more steeply in women. Ees adjusted for chamber size (LVEDV) increased with age, but not when sex was added to the model.
Hayashi et al., 2015 [58]	265 subjects without abnormal clinical, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic findings	20–89	Age: s’ ↔ Sex: s’ ↔ Age × Sex: none
Hoshida et al., 2016 [59]	479 hypertensive subjects (267 men, 212 women)	<65, 65–74, >75	Age: ↔ EF Sex: ↔ stress corrected fractional shortening (FS/Ees) Age × Sex: stress corrected fractional shortening (FS/Ees) related to age in women but not men
Hayward et al., 2001 [60]	30 subjects (14 men, 16 women) with normal LV function and no history of MI or HF	48–75	Age: not assessed Sex: women ↑ ESPVR and PRSWR Age × Sex: not assessed
Celentano et al., 2003 [61]	517 normotensive and hypertensive subjects with no history of CV or endocrinal disease	20–70	Age: not assessed Sex: normotensive and hypertensive stress-corrected mid wall shortening was higher in women than men, independent of LV geometry, body size, age, and heart rate Age × Sex: not assessed
Gruner Svealv et al., 2006 [62]	82 healthy subjects	20–29, 50–59, and 60–69	Age: LV systolic amplitude, LV maximal systolic velocity ↓; time to maximal systolic velocity ↑ Sex: AVP-FS ↑ in women, LVEF tended (p = 0.06) to be ↑ in women Age × Sex: not assessed
Foll et al., 2010 [63]	62 healthy subjects (32 men, 30 women)	20–40, > 40–60, > 60	Age: ↓ peak systolic long axis velocity and peak systolic apical rotation, ↑ time to peak systolic long axis velocity, and time to peak apical systolic rotation Age × Sex: systolic long-axis velocity decreased to a greater extent in women
Yoneyama et al., 2012 [64]	1478 subjects (MESA)	45–54,55–64,65–74,75–84	Age: torsion and LVEF ↑ Sex: torsion ↑ women than men Age ×Sex: LV torsion increased with advancing age, and women had greater LV torsion than men in all age groups
Hung et al., 2017 [65]	1105 asymptomatic subjects	67–70, 71–73, 73–76, 76–80, 80–89	Age: ↓ longitudinal strain; ↑ circumferential strain, twist, and torsion Sex: ↑ longitudinal and circumferential strain, torsion, and twist in women vs. men Age × Sex: torsion increased with age in women > men. Global longitudinal strain decreased with age in women > men
Nio et al., 2017 [66]	82 healthy subjects	19–32, 45–58	Age: LV ejection fraction, twist, torsion, twist velocity, apical rotation ↑ Sex: LV ejection fraction, circumferential strain, circumferential strain rate ↑ women vs. men Age × Sex: apical rotation, apical rotational velocity, circumferential strain, and circumferential strain rate ↑ in men than women with age

LV left ventricle, EF ejection fraction, AVP-FS atrioventricular plane-fractional shortening, ESPVR end-systolic pressure volume relationship, PRSWR preload recruitable stroke work relationship