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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 9.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015 Jul 30;1:15018. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.18

Figure 2. The central role of ROS in diabetic complications.

Figure 2.

Mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accelerates in response to an increase in intracellular glucose. In addition, pathogenetic ROS are also generated through the ROS-induced uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase and inactivation of NADPH oxidases. ROS go on to mediate DNA damage, which in turn activates poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). PolyADP-ribosylation of glyceraldehyde-3-dehydrogenase by PARP leads to the inhibition of this key glycolytic enzyme and a subsequent bottleneck in glycolysis. As a result, early glycolytic intermediates accumulate and are then diverted into pathogenetic signalling pathways.