Table 2.
Sociodemographic Characteristics of Black Middle-Aged and Older Adults by Perceived General Discrimination and Perceived Racial Discrimination Trajectories, Health and Retirement Study, 2006–2016
| General Discrimination Trajectory, N = 2926 | Racial Discrimination Trajectory, n = 1,676 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Sample, N = 2926 | Low, n = 2,141 | Moderate, n = 622 | Persistently High, n = 163 | Low to Moderate, n = 1,470 | Persistently High, n = 206 | |
| % | % | % | % | % | % | |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 50–64 | 35.5 | 32.3 | 42.8 | 49.1 | 35.8 | 46.6 |
| ≥65 | 64.5 | 67.7 | 57.2 | 50.9 | 64.2 | 53.4 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 35.1 | 32.9 | 41.0 | 41.1 | 36.1 | 46.6 |
| Female | 64.9 | 67.1 | 59.0 | 58.9 | 64.0 | 53.4 |
| Education | ||||||
| <HS | 23.8 | 23.2 | 23.3 | 32.5 | 17.6 | 31.1 |
| HS grad or GED | 32.3 | 32.2 | 33.3 | 32.6 | 31.8 | 31.5 |
| Some college | 28.1 | 28.9 | 26.7 | 22.7 | 31.0 | 21.8 |
| College or more | 15.8 | 15.7 | 16.7 | 12.2 | 19.6 | 15.5 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 11.0 | 9.1 | 14.6 | 22.2 | 9.4 | 20.4 |
| Married/partnered | 43.0 | 44.1 | 41.6 | 34.0 | 44.9 | 39.8 |
| Divorced/separated/ widowed | 46.0 | 46.8 | 43.7 | 43.8 | 45.7 | 39.8 |
| Household wealth (mean, SD) | 124,314.5 (7,656.9) | 133,292.4 (9,581.3) | 111,182.8 (13,063.5) | 56,500.3 (8,380.6) | 139,109.9 (9,971.9) | 93 643 (16 524.0) |
| Labor force participation | ||||||
| Retired | 53.8 | 56.0 | 48.2 | 45.4 | 52.7 | 48.5 |
| Working | 32.3 | 31.7 | 35.7 | 27.0 | 36.0 | 30.1 |
| Disabled | 8.7 | 7.1 | 10.5 | 22.7 | 6.1 | 17.5 |
| Unemployed | 5.3 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 3.9 |
| Health insurance | ||||||
| Yes | 92.4 | 93.1 | 91.0 | 88.3 | 92.9 | 91.8 |
| No | 7.62 | 6.9 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 7.1 | 8.3 |
| No. of chronic conditions (mean, SD) | 2.54 (0.03) | 2.48 (0.03) | 2.65 (0.05) | 2.95 (0.16) | 2.52 (0.04) | 2.76 (0.12) |
| Foreign-born | ||||||
| No | 92.7 | 92.3 | 93.4 | 93.9 | 93.8 | 92.2 |
| Yes | 7.4 | 7.7 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 6.2 | 7.8 |
| Baseline CES-D score (mean, SD) | 1.75 (0.46) | 1.56 (0.04) | 2.00 (0.12) | 3.26 (0.18) | 1.64 (0.07) | 2.78 (0.17) |
Notes: CES-D = Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale; GED = general equivalence degree; HS = high school; SD = standard deviation. Frequencies presented are unweighted.