Table 4.
Adjusted odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) from multivariable logistic regression for mental health by race/ethnicity
| Variable | White | Chinese | Filipino | Japanese | NHPI | Hispanic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposing variable | ||||||
| Sex, Male | 0.91 (0.74–1.12) | 0.73 (0.43–1.24) | 0.99 (0.68–1.45) | 1.06 (0.80–1.40) | 1.26 (0.95–1.65) | 0.72 (0.42–1.23) |
| Age (Ref: 18–44 years) | ||||||
| 45–64 years | 0.76 (0.59–0.98)+ | 0.82 (0.46–1.47) | 0.59 (0.38–0.91)+ | 1.17 (0.81–1.69) | 0.76 (0.55–1.06) | 0.74 (0.43–1.27) |
| ≥ 65 years | 0.33 (0.24–0.46)* | 0.37 (0.15–0.88)+ | 0.73 (0.40–1.32) | 0.62 (0.37–1.02) | 0.34 (0.19–0.60)* | 0.56 (0.24–1.29) |
| Marital Status (Ref: married) | ||||||
| Single | 1.04 (0.80–1.36) | 1.24 (0.65–2.36) | 1.38 (0.86–2.21) | 1.15 (0.80–1.67) | 1.01 (0.73–1.41) | 0.87 (0.44–1.74) |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) | 1.16 (0.58–2.31) | 1.35 (0.78–2.33) | 1.14 (0.81–1.60) | 1.18 (0.86–1.64) | 0.65 (0.35–1.21) |
| Education (Ref: ≤ high school) | ||||||
| Some college | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) | 0.91 (0.45–1.85) | 0.83 (0.56–1.24) | 1.01 (0.71–1.43) | 1.25 (0.95–1.66) | 0.63 (0.35–1.15) |
| College graduate | 0.67 (0.52–0.86)* | 0.90 (0.45–1.80) | 1.13 (0.71–1.79) | 1.26 (0.89–1.77) | 0.92 (0.63–1.35) | 0.59 (0.29–1.20) |
| Enabling variable | ||||||
| Employment (Ref: unemployed) | ||||||
| Employed | 0.79 (0.64–0.97)+ | 0.57 (0.33–0.97)+ | 0.74 (0.50–1.08) | 0.93 (0.70–1.24) | 0.75 (0.57–0.99)+ | 0.89 (0.51–1.55) |
| Income (Ref: < $50,000) | ||||||
| ≥ $50,000 | 0.80 (0.62–1.02) | 1.04 (0.55–1.95) | 1.54 (0.98–2.41) | 0.69 (0.50–0.96)+ | 0.80 (0.57–1.12) | 0.77 (0.34–1.72) |
| Missing | 1.07 (0.69–1.66) | 0.92 (0.33–2.56) | 0.74 (0.36–1.51) | 0.91 (0.55–1.50) | 0.80 (0.49–1.31) | 0.28 (0.10–0.76)+ |
| Housing status (Ref: own) | ||||||
| Other | 0.86 (0.67–1.10) | 0.88 (0.47–1.63) | 1.23 (0.8–1.88) | 1.12 (0.79–1.60) | 1.07 (0.77–1.48) | 1.00 (0.52–1.92) |
| Residential area, Oahu | 1.14 (0.94–1.39) | 1.54 (0.82–2.91) | 1.02 (0.72–1.46) | 0.92 (0.70–1.20) | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 1.16 (0.73–1.85) |
| Have healthcare coverage | 0.90 (0.61–1.30) | 0.43 (0.22–0.85)+ | 1.08 (0.60–1.93) | 1.07 (0.55–2.09) | 1.29 (0.89–1.88) | 0.88 (0.42–1.84) |
| Couldn’t see doctor because of medical cost | 2.14 (1.61–2.85)* | 4.36 (1.99–9.53)* | 1.72 (0.98–3.04) | 2.59 (1.51–4.46)* | 1.97 (1.43–2.72)* | 1.41 (0.81–2.47) |
| Need variable | ||||||
| Exercise | 0.56 (0.44–0.72)* | 1.06 (0.59–1.90) | 0.78 (0.51–1.20) | 0.70 (0.53–0.93)+ | 0.72 (0.55–0.95)+ | 0.66 (0.40–1.09) |
| Heavy drinking | 1.08 (0.81–1.42) | 1.81 (0.59–5.52) | 1.60 (0.78–3.29) | 1.91 (1.22–2.99)* | 1.43 (0.98–2.08) | 1.09 (0.52–2.30) |
| Smoking (Ref: current) | ||||||
| Former/never | 0.71 (0.55–0.91)* | 0.44 (0.23–0.83)+ | 0.55 (0.34–0.89)+ | 0.65 (0.44–0.98)+ | 0.73 (0.56–0.96)+ | 0.63 (0.31–1.26) |
| H/O heart attack | 1.68 (1.18–2.38)* | 1.06 (0.19–5.81) | 2.24 (0.89–5.66) | 1.31 (0.69–2.47) | 1.36 (0.76–2.44) | 4.29 (1.34–13.72)+ |
| H/O CHD | 1.35 (0.88–2.07) | 1.80 (0.28–11.58) | 1.07 (0.50–2.26) | 1.46 (0.81–2.66) | 0.95 (0.53–1.72) | 0.25 (0.06–1.00)+ |
| H/O stroke | 1.12 (0.71–1.77) | 0.49 (0.10–2.48) | 1.06 (0.34–3.26) | 1.11 (0.65–1.91) | 1.63 (0.84–3.18) | 1.13 (0.32–4.00) |
| H/O asthma | 1.16 (0.90–1.49) | 1.33 (0.69–2.57) | 0.97 (0.61–1.56) | 1.20 (0.81–1.78) | 1.37 (1.03–1.82)+ | 2.53 (1.41–4.53)* |
| H/O cancer | 0.99 (0.78–1.25) | 0.46 (0.22–0.97)+ | 1.86 (0.87–3.97) | 1.57 (0.98–2.54) | 1.04 (0.66–1.64) | 1.03 (0.53–2.00) |
| H/O COPD | 1.38 (1.01–1.89)+ | 1.46 (0.60–3.57) | 0.50 (0.19–1.29) | 1.66 (1.00–2.76) | 2.07 (1.19–3.59)* | 1.18 (0.54–2.56) |
| H/O arthritis | 1.31 (1.07–1.61)+ | 1.37 (0.70–2.68) | 1.26 (0.83–1.91) | 1.58 (1.18–2.10)* | 1.69 (1.22–2.36)* | 1.17 (0.64–2.11) |
| H/O depression | 5.94 (4.86–7.26)* | 8.34 (4.77–14.61)* | 6.88 (4.46–10.6)* | 4.77 (3.51–6.48)* | 4.50 (3.41–5.94)* | 9.81 (6.02–15.99)* |
| H/O kidney disease | 1.52 (0.99–2.31) | 0.89 (0.30–2.71) | 1.81 (0.80–4.08) | 1.67 (1.02–2.74)+ | 1.16 (0.65–2.07) | 0.51 (0.22–1.18) |
| H/O diabetes | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | 0.91 (0.37–2.26) | 1.09 (0.65–1.82) | 0.81 (0.56–1.18) | 1.03 (0.73–1.45) | 0.88 (0.44–1.75) |
| Obese/overweight | 1.24 (1.01–1.52)+ | 0.89 (0.54–1.47) | 1.17 (0.82–1.68) | 0.85 (0.65–1.11) | 0.96 (0.71–1.30) | 0.63 (0.37–1.07) |
Mental health was dichotomized as ≥ 14 unhealthy days (1) vs. < 14 unhealthy days (0). A multivariable logistic regression with quasi-binomial distribution was conducted, accounting for the complex sampling design
NHPI, Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander; H/O, History of; CHD, Coronary heart disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Ref, reference
+P value < 0.05; *P value < 0.01