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. 2020 Dec 9;160(5):1647–1661. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.001

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© 2021 by the AGA Institute.

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Inflammatory responses in the digestive system and virus shedding in rhesus monkeys intranasally challenged with SARS-CoV-2. (A) Multiplex assay of inflammatory cytokines in tissue lysates. For each panel, MM-O/N-0, MM-N-1, MM-N-4, MM-N-7, and MM-N-14 are shown in 1 column from left to right. The highest level of cytokine, set as 1, is used to normalize other samples within 1 panel, where the color density represents the relative levels of cytokines. (B) The macrophage surface marker CD68 was analyzed by the IHC staining of digestive tissues. Representative images from 1 intranasally inoculated animal are shown here. (C) This plot shows the quantitative analysis of macrophages in panel B. Compared with the control MM-O/N-0, significant differences in the digestive tissues of the other animals are indicated by asterisks (∗P < .05, ∗∗P < .01, ∗∗∗P < .005, ∗∗∗∗P < .001). (D) Viral loads in the digestive tract contents were determined by qRT-PCR after intranasal inoculation. (E) Virus shedding was monitored by qRT-PCR every day after intranasal inoculation.