Table 4.

Maternal and infant mortality and morbidity outcomes

	Control	Intervention	Risk difference (95% CI)	OR (95% CI)	P value*
Maternal mortality	3 (<0.1%)	2 (<0.1%)	–	–	–
Maternal morbidity†	136 (18.7%)	110 (13.4%)	−4.7% (-9.4% to 0.1%)	0.68 (0.42 to 1.10)	0.118
Miscarriage	16 (2.2%)	13 (1.6%)	−0.2% (−1.3% to 0.8%)	0.85 (0.30 to 2.38)	0.751
Stillbirth	16 (2.2%)	12 (1.5%)	−0.6% (−1.7 to 0.3%)	0.64 (0.27 to 1.56)	0.331
Perinatal death‡	22 (3.1%)	21 (2.6%)	−0.5% (−1.9% to 0.8%)	0.83 (0.42 to 1.66)	0.601
Neonatal death	6 (0.87%)	9 (1.13%)	0.2% (−0.6% to 0.7%)	1.29 (0.39 to 4.29)	0.674
Infant death	13 (1.9%)	12 (1.5%)	−0.2% (−1.3% to 0.8%)	0.83 (0.27 to 2.5)	0.689
Low birth weight	118 (16.0%)	157 (18.9%)	1.9% (−1.6% to 5.6%)	1.16 (0.70 to 1.90)	0.570
Infant morbidity§	132 (18.68%)	118 (16.74%)	−3.9% (−8.6% to −0.3%)	0.76 (0.51 to 1.15)	0.194

*P value is for OR from mixed effect logistic regression.

†Maternal morbidity defined as any health condition attributed to and/or aggravated by pregnancy and childbirth that has a negative impact on the woman’s well-being, including the following complications: miscarriage (<28 weeks), stillbirth (>28 weeks), gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, eclampsia, postpartum infection, postpartum haemorrhage, or obstructed labour.

‡Perinatal deaths (first week of life), neonatal deaths (through 28th day of life), infant deaths (through first year of life).

§Infant morbidity defined as any health condition that affects mortality rate during the first-year of life including low birth weight (<2.5 kg), perinatal disorders (gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, eclampsia), infant immunisation adherence, exclusive breastfeeding, and delivery-related complications (obstructed labour, neonatal resuscitation).