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. 2020 Nov 8;12(11):e11386. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11386

Table 5. Operating characteristics of prehospital stroke scales by included study.

FAST: Face Arm Speech Time; CPSS: Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale; LAPSS: Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Scale; MASS: Melbourne Ambulance Stroke Screen; Med PACS: Medic Prehospital Assessment for Code Stroke; OPSS: Ontario PreHospital Stroke Scale; ROSIER: Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room; PreHAST: PreHospital Ambulance Stroke Test; BEFAST: Balance Eyes Face Arm Speech Time on call.

Stroke Scale Study (Author, year) Sample size Stroke prevalence (Number/total, %) Sensitivity (95% CI) Specificity (95% CI) Positive likelihood-ratio (95% CI) Negative likelihood-ratio (95% CI)
FAST Bergs et al. (2010) [14] 31 19/31 (61%) 0.95 [0.74-1.00] 0.33 [0.10-0.65] 1.42 [0.94-2.15] 0.16 [0.02-1.25]
  Fothergill et al. (2013) [17] 295 177/295 (60%) 0.97 [0.93-0.99] 0.13 [0.07-0.20] 1.11 [1.03-1.19] 0.27 [0.11-0.67]
  Berglund et al. (2014) [27] 900 472/900 (52%) 0.64 [0.59-0.68] 0.75 [0.71-0.79] 2.55 [2.14-3.05] 0.48 [0.42-0.55]
  Pickham et al. (2019) [21] 359 159/359 (44%) 0.76 [0.69-0.82] 0.46 [0.38-0.53] 1.40 [1.20-1.63] 0.53 [0.38-0.72]
CPSS Asimos et al. (2014) [26] 1217 663/1217 (54%) 0.80 [0.77-0.83] 0.48 [0.44-0.52] 1.55 [1.42-1.70] 0.41 [0.35–0.48]
  Bergs et al. (2010) [14] 31 19/31 (61%) 0.95 [0.74-1.00] 0.33 [0.10-0.65] 1.42 [0.94-2.15] 0.16 [0.02-1.25]
  Bray et al. (2010) [28] 850 199/850 (23%) 0.88 [0.83-0.93] 0.79 [0.75-0.82] 4.17 [3.57-4.88] 0.15 [0.10-0.22]
  Bray et al. (2005) [15] 100 73/100 (73%) 0.95 [0.87-0.98] 0.56 [0.35-0.75] 2.13 [1.39-3.25] 0.10 [0.04-0.27]
  Frendl et al. (2009) [31] 154 61/154 (40%) 0.70 [0.57-0.81] 0.52 [0.41-0.62] 1.46 [1.12-1.90] 0.57 [0.37-0.88]
  Kothari et al. (1999) [25] 171 49/171 (29%) 0.59 [0.52-0.66] 0.88 [0.85-0.91] 4.88 [3.74-6.37] 0.47 [0.40-0.55]
  Ramanujam et al. (2008) [35] 1045 440/1045 (42%) 0.44 [0.39-0.49] 0.53 [0.49-0.57] 0.93 [0.82-1.07] 1.06 [0.95-1.18]
  English et al. (2018) [30] 130 96/130 (74%) 0.75 [0.65-0.83] 0.21 [0.09-0.38] 0.94 [0.77-1.16] 1.21 [0.58-2.56]
  Kim et al. (2017) [19] 268 152/268 (57%) 0.93 [0.88-0.97] 0.73 [0.64-0.81] 3.50 [2.58-4.74] 0.09 [0.07-0.17]
  Studnek et al. (2013) [36] 416 186/416 (45%) 0.79 [0.72-0.85] 0.24 [0.19-0.30] 1.04 [0.94-1.15] 0.88 [0.61-1.26]
  Vanni et al. (2011) [22] 155 87/155 (56%) Not estimated Not estimated Not estimated Not estimated
  Greenberg et al. (2017) [32] 305 79 (26%) Not estimated Not estimated Not estimated Not estimated
LAPSS Asimos et al. (2014) [26] 1225 805/1225 (66%) 0.74 [0.71-0.77] 0.48 [0.43-0.53] 1.42 [1.28-1.57] 0.54 [0.47-0.63]
  Bergs et al. (2010) [14] 31 19/31 (61%) 0.74 [0.49-0.91] 0.83 [0.52-0.98] 4.42 [1.21-16.12] 0.32 [0.14-0.70]
  Bray et al. (2005) [15] 100 73/100 (73%) 0.78 [0.67-0.87] 0.85 [0.66-0.96] 5.27 [2.12-13.13] 0.26 [0.16-0.41]
  Chen et al. (2013) [16] 1130 997/1130 (88%) 0.78 [0.76-0.81] 0.90 [0.84-0.95] 8.02 [4.78-13.46] 0.24 [0.21-0.27]
  Kidwell et al. (2000) [18] 206 34/206 (16%) 0.91 [0.76-0.98] 0.97 [0.93-0.99] 31.36 [13.14-74.87] 0.09 [0.03-0.27]
MASS Bergs et al. (2010) [14] 31 19/31 (61%) 0.74 [0.49-0.91] 0.67 [0.35-0.90] 2.21 [0.95-5.14] 0.39 [0.17-0.93]
  Bray et al. (2010) [28] 850 199/850 (23.4%) 0.83 [0.78-0.88] 0.86 [0.83-0.88] 5.90 [4.84-7.20] 0.19 [0.14-0.26]
  Bray et al. (2005) [15] 100 73/100 (73%) 0.90 [0.81-0.96] 0.74 [0.54-0.89] 3.49 [1.84-6.63] 0.13 [0.06-0.27]
Med PACS Studnek et al. (2013) [36] 416 186/416 (45%) 0.74 [0.67-0.80] 0.33 [0.27-0.39] 1.10 [0.97-1.25] 0.79 [0.58-1.08]
OPSS Chenkin et al. (2009) [29] 554 214/554 (39%) 0.87 [0.82-0.92] 0.59 [0.54-0.65] 2.15 [1.87-2.47] 0.21 [0.15-0.31]
ROSIER Fothergill et al. (2013) [17] 295 177/295 (60%) 0.97 [0.93-0.99] 0.18 [0.11-0.26] 1.18 [1.08-1.28] 0.19 [0.08-0.46]
PreHAST Andsberg et al. (2017) [13] 69 26/69 (38%) 1.00 [0.87-1.00] 0.40 [0.25-0.56] 1.65 [1.30-2.11] 0.00
BEFAST Pickham et al. (2019) [21] 359 159/359 (44%) 0.91 [0.86-0.95] 0.26 [0.20-0.33] 1.23 [1.12-1.36] 0.34 [0.19-0.59]