Table 5. Operating characteristics of prehospital stroke scales by included study.
FAST: Face Arm Speech Time; CPSS: Cincinnati Prehospital Stroke Scale; LAPSS: Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Scale; MASS: Melbourne Ambulance Stroke Screen; Med PACS: Medic Prehospital Assessment for Code Stroke; OPSS: Ontario PreHospital Stroke Scale; ROSIER: Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room; PreHAST: PreHospital Ambulance Stroke Test; BEFAST: Balance Eyes Face Arm Speech Time on call.
| Stroke Scale | Study (Author, year) | Sample size | Stroke prevalence (Number/total, %) | Sensitivity (95% CI) | Specificity (95% CI) | Positive likelihood-ratio (95% CI) | Negative likelihood-ratio (95% CI) |
| FAST | Bergs et al. (2010) [14] | 31 | 19/31 (61%) | 0.95 [0.74-1.00] | 0.33 [0.10-0.65] | 1.42 [0.94-2.15] | 0.16 [0.02-1.25] |
| Fothergill et al. (2013) [17] | 295 | 177/295 (60%) | 0.97 [0.93-0.99] | 0.13 [0.07-0.20] | 1.11 [1.03-1.19] | 0.27 [0.11-0.67] | |
| Berglund et al. (2014) [27] | 900 | 472/900 (52%) | 0.64 [0.59-0.68] | 0.75 [0.71-0.79] | 2.55 [2.14-3.05] | 0.48 [0.42-0.55] | |
| Pickham et al. (2019) [21] | 359 | 159/359 (44%) | 0.76 [0.69-0.82] | 0.46 [0.38-0.53] | 1.40 [1.20-1.63] | 0.53 [0.38-0.72] | |
| CPSS | Asimos et al. (2014) [26] | 1217 | 663/1217 (54%) | 0.80 [0.77-0.83] | 0.48 [0.44-0.52] | 1.55 [1.42-1.70] | 0.41 [0.35–0.48] |
| Bergs et al. (2010) [14] | 31 | 19/31 (61%) | 0.95 [0.74-1.00] | 0.33 [0.10-0.65] | 1.42 [0.94-2.15] | 0.16 [0.02-1.25] | |
| Bray et al. (2010) [28] | 850 | 199/850 (23%) | 0.88 [0.83-0.93] | 0.79 [0.75-0.82] | 4.17 [3.57-4.88] | 0.15 [0.10-0.22] | |
| Bray et al. (2005) [15] | 100 | 73/100 (73%) | 0.95 [0.87-0.98] | 0.56 [0.35-0.75] | 2.13 [1.39-3.25] | 0.10 [0.04-0.27] | |
| Frendl et al. (2009) [31] | 154 | 61/154 (40%) | 0.70 [0.57-0.81] | 0.52 [0.41-0.62] | 1.46 [1.12-1.90] | 0.57 [0.37-0.88] | |
| Kothari et al. (1999) [25] | 171 | 49/171 (29%) | 0.59 [0.52-0.66] | 0.88 [0.85-0.91] | 4.88 [3.74-6.37] | 0.47 [0.40-0.55] | |
| Ramanujam et al. (2008) [35] | 1045 | 440/1045 (42%) | 0.44 [0.39-0.49] | 0.53 [0.49-0.57] | 0.93 [0.82-1.07] | 1.06 [0.95-1.18] | |
| English et al. (2018) [30] | 130 | 96/130 (74%) | 0.75 [0.65-0.83] | 0.21 [0.09-0.38] | 0.94 [0.77-1.16] | 1.21 [0.58-2.56] | |
| Kim et al. (2017) [19] | 268 | 152/268 (57%) | 0.93 [0.88-0.97] | 0.73 [0.64-0.81] | 3.50 [2.58-4.74] | 0.09 [0.07-0.17] | |
| Studnek et al. (2013) [36] | 416 | 186/416 (45%) | 0.79 [0.72-0.85] | 0.24 [0.19-0.30] | 1.04 [0.94-1.15] | 0.88 [0.61-1.26] | |
| Vanni et al. (2011) [22] | 155 | 87/155 (56%) | Not estimated | Not estimated | Not estimated | Not estimated | |
| Greenberg et al. (2017) [32] | 305 | 79 (26%) | Not estimated | Not estimated | Not estimated | Not estimated | |
| LAPSS | Asimos et al. (2014) [26] | 1225 | 805/1225 (66%) | 0.74 [0.71-0.77] | 0.48 [0.43-0.53] | 1.42 [1.28-1.57] | 0.54 [0.47-0.63] |
| Bergs et al. (2010) [14] | 31 | 19/31 (61%) | 0.74 [0.49-0.91] | 0.83 [0.52-0.98] | 4.42 [1.21-16.12] | 0.32 [0.14-0.70] | |
| Bray et al. (2005) [15] | 100 | 73/100 (73%) | 0.78 [0.67-0.87] | 0.85 [0.66-0.96] | 5.27 [2.12-13.13] | 0.26 [0.16-0.41] | |
| Chen et al. (2013) [16] | 1130 | 997/1130 (88%) | 0.78 [0.76-0.81] | 0.90 [0.84-0.95] | 8.02 [4.78-13.46] | 0.24 [0.21-0.27] | |
| Kidwell et al. (2000) [18] | 206 | 34/206 (16%) | 0.91 [0.76-0.98] | 0.97 [0.93-0.99] | 31.36 [13.14-74.87] | 0.09 [0.03-0.27] | |
| MASS | Bergs et al. (2010) [14] | 31 | 19/31 (61%) | 0.74 [0.49-0.91] | 0.67 [0.35-0.90] | 2.21 [0.95-5.14] | 0.39 [0.17-0.93] |
| Bray et al. (2010) [28] | 850 | 199/850 (23.4%) | 0.83 [0.78-0.88] | 0.86 [0.83-0.88] | 5.90 [4.84-7.20] | 0.19 [0.14-0.26] | |
| Bray et al. (2005) [15] | 100 | 73/100 (73%) | 0.90 [0.81-0.96] | 0.74 [0.54-0.89] | 3.49 [1.84-6.63] | 0.13 [0.06-0.27] | |
| Med PACS | Studnek et al. (2013) [36] | 416 | 186/416 (45%) | 0.74 [0.67-0.80] | 0.33 [0.27-0.39] | 1.10 [0.97-1.25] | 0.79 [0.58-1.08] |
| OPSS | Chenkin et al. (2009) [29] | 554 | 214/554 (39%) | 0.87 [0.82-0.92] | 0.59 [0.54-0.65] | 2.15 [1.87-2.47] | 0.21 [0.15-0.31] |
| ROSIER | Fothergill et al. (2013) [17] | 295 | 177/295 (60%) | 0.97 [0.93-0.99] | 0.18 [0.11-0.26] | 1.18 [1.08-1.28] | 0.19 [0.08-0.46] |
| PreHAST | Andsberg et al. (2017) [13] | 69 | 26/69 (38%) | 1.00 [0.87-1.00] | 0.40 [0.25-0.56] | 1.65 [1.30-2.11] | 0.00 |
| BEFAST | Pickham et al. (2019) [21] | 359 | 159/359 (44%) | 0.91 [0.86-0.95] | 0.26 [0.20-0.33] | 1.23 [1.12-1.36] | 0.34 [0.19-0.59] |