Table 1. Baseline characteristics of study participants with and without incident T2D.
| Characteristic | Incident T2D | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-cases (n = 1,445) | Cases (n = 529) | ||
| Age (years) | 58.0 (6.0) | 58.3 (6.0) | 0.13 |
| Male | 593 (41.0%) | 230 (43.5%) | 0.72 |
| Beijing residents | 617 (42.7%) | 317 (59.9%) | <0.001 |
| Urban residents | 596 (41.3%) | 222 (42.0%) | 0.63 |
| Educational attainment ≥ 10 years | 263 (18.2%) | 109 (20.6%) | 0.92 |
| Current smoking | 400 (27.7%) | 146 (27.6%) | 0.15 |
| Current alcohol drinking | 343 (23.7%) | 138 (26.1%) | 0.82 |
| High physical activity level | 787 (54.5%) | 290 (54.8%) | 0.67 |
| Family history of diabetes | 138 (9.6%) | 67 (12.7%) | 0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.9 (3.3) | 25.5 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81.7 (9.9) | 86.5 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 136.5 (21.3) | 144.6 (22.6) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78.9 (10.5) | 82.0 (10.6) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) | 5.2 (0.3) | 5.7 (0.6) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.7 (0.4) | 5.9 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 91.2 (66.2, 125.4) | 99.6 (73.1, 135.1) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IRa | 3.0 (2.2, 4.2) | 3.5 (2.6, 4.8) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-Ba | 155.0 (109.4, 218.4) | 140.3 (101.0, 181.6) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.6 (0.9) | 4.8 (1.0) | 0.06 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.2 (0.9) | 3.3 (1.0) | 0.04 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.3 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.8) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/l) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.7) | 0.01 |
| Adiponectinb (μg/ml) | 14.9 (9.1, 23.3) | 12.5 (8.0, 20.6) | <0.001 |
Data are mean (SD), median (interquartile range), or n (%). Percentages may not sum to 100% because of rounding. P values were calculated adjusted for age, sex, region (Beijing or Shanghai), and residence (urban or rural).
aData are missing for 2 participants.
bData are missing for 53 participants.
HbA1c, glycohemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; T2D, type 2 diabetes.