Table 2. Associations (RRs [95% CIs]) between baseline sphingolipids and incident T2D.
| Sphingolipid | No. of carbons | No. of dbs | No. of -OHs | Quartiles of sphingolipids | Ptrend | RR per SD | P value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | |||||||
| Cer(d18:1/18:1) | 36 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) | 1.20 (0.97, 1.49) | 1.40 (1.14, 1.72) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) | <0.001 |
| Cer(d18:1/20:0) | 38 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1.18 (0.94, 1.47) | 1.24 (1.00, 1.54) | 1.50 (1.22, 1.84) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.06, 1.22) | <0.001 |
| Cer(d18:1/20:1) | 38 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1.08 (0.86, 1.35) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.47) | 1.42 (1.16, 1.75) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.10, 1.26) | <0.001 |
| Cer(d18:1/22:1) | 40 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1.16 (0.90, 1.49) | 1.35 (1.05, 1.73) | 1.60 (1.25, 2.05) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.27) | <0.001 |
| SM C34:0 | 34 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0.97 (0.76, 1.24) | 1.12 (0.88, 1.43) | 1.38 (1.08, 1.76) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.06, 1.26) | <0.001 |
| SM C36:0 | 36 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1.35 (1.07, 1.70) | 1.39 (1.10, 1.75) | 1.60 (1.28, 2.00) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | <0.001 |
| SM C38:0 | 38 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1.37 (1.07, 1.76) | 1.50 (1.17, 1.92) | 1.69 (1.32, 2.16) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.10, 1.26) | <0.001 |
| SM C40:0 | 40 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) | 1.27 (1.00, 1.62) | 1.56 (1.23, 1.97) | <0.001 | 1.14 (1.07, 1.22) | <0.001 |
| SM C34:1 | 34 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1.20 (0.93, 1.56) | 1.41 (1.09, 1.82) | 1.64 (1.26, 2.13) | <0.001 | 1.18 (1.09, 1.27) | <0.001 |
| SM C36:1 | 36 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0.89 (0.71, 1.13) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.31) | 1.23 (1.00, 1.52) | 0.01 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | <0.001 |
| SM C42:3 | 42 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1.06 (0.83, 1.36) | 1.24 (0.97, 1.57) | 1.40 (1.10, 1.79) | 0.002 | 1.14 (1.06, 1.23) | <0.001 |
| SM (2OH) C34:1 | 34 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1.24 (0.97, 1.59) | 1.53 (1.20, 1.94) | 1.65 (1.30, 2.08) | <0.001 | 1.21 (1.12, 1.30) | <0.001 |
| SM (OH) C38:3 | 38 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1.25 (0.97, 1.62) | 1.38 (1.06, 1.80) | 1.61 (1.24, 2.09) | <0.001 | 1.19 (1.09, 1.29) | <0.001 |
| HexCer(d18:1/20:1) | 38 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1.05 (0.84, 1.32) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.53) | 1.46 (1.18, 1.80) | <0.001 | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | <0.001 |
Model was adjusted for age, sex, region (Beijing or Shanghai), residence (urban or rural), educational attainment (0–6 years, 7–9 years, or ≥10 years), current smoking (yes or no), current alcohol drinking (yes or no), physical activity (low, moderate, or high), family history of diabetes (yes or no), and BMI. Only sphingolipids associated with incident T2D after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing of the 76 metabolites are shown.
-OH, hydroxyl; Cer, ceramide; db, double bond; HexCer, hexosylceramide; No., number; RR, relative risk; SM, sphingomyelin; SM (OH), hydroxyl-sphingomyelin with 1 additional hydroxyl; SM (2OH), hydroxyl-sphingomyelin with 2 additional hydroxyls; T2D, type 2 diabetes.