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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2019 Dec 19;77:40–50. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.012

Figure 1. Experimental design and description of the Gulf War Illness models.

Figure 1.

A) GWI Model 1 (Zakirova et al. 2015) followed a 10 day treatment protocol of pyridostigmine bromide (PB; 0.7 mg/kg, IP) and permethrin (PM; 200 mg/kg, IP) or DMSO vehicle followed by concurrent administration of LNFPIII (35 μg, SC) or dextran vehicle (35 μg, SC). B) GWI Model 2 (O’Callaghan et al. 2015) induced GWI over a 15 day protocol in which PB (2 mg/kg, SC) and N,N-Diethyl-methylbenzamide (DEET;30 mg/kg, SC) or saline vehicle followed by concurrent LNFPIII (35 μg) or dextran vehicle (35 μg) were administered for 14 days. Corticosterone (CORT; 200 mg/L in 1.5% EtOH water) or vehicle were administered on days 7-14. A single injection of DFP (3.75 mg/kg) or saline vehicle was given on day 15. In both models, mice were sacrificed 6 h post the last treatment, and neurochemistry (HPLC-ECD) and qPCR analysis were then conducted on frozen brain and spleen tissues.