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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2019 Dec 19;77:40–50. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.012

Figure 3. Dopaminergic alterations in the Nucleus Accumbens and Ventral Hippocampus in two models of Gulf War Illness.

Figure 3.

Data are presented as mean ± SEM; unit: ng/mg protein; n=6 per group/treatment except PB/DEET/CORT/DFP-Vehicle group, which was n=8. # (p ≤ 0.05) indicate a significant main effect of GWI treatment (PB/PM (Model 1) or PB/DEET/CORT/DFP (Model 2)) or LNFPIII treatment after a two-way ANOVA. $ indicates significant difference compared to GWI-vehicle group (p ≤ 0.05). Abbreviations: DA: dopamine; HVA: homovanillic acid; PB: pyridostigmine bromide; PM: permethrin; DEET: N,N-Diethyl-methylbenzamide; CORT: corticosterone; DFP: diisopropylfluorophosphate; LNFPIII: lacto-N-fucopentaose III.