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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2019 Dec 19;77:40–50. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.012

Figure 5. Summary of the major neurochemical (monoamines) and neuroinflammatory (vHip) effects in the two GWI models and their modulation by LNFPIII.

Figure 5.

Effects of Model 1 (PB/PM; light red) and Model 2 (PB/DEET/CORT/DFP; dark red) on 5-HT, DA, NE and their metabolites in the spleen and brain regions (PFC, NAc, STR, AMY, dHip, vHip), as well as, inflammatory gene expression in the vHip are indicated. Modulation of these effects by LNFPIII is represented in blue color. Abbreviations: PFC: prefrontal cortex; NAc: nucleus accumbens; STR: striatum; AMY: amygdala; dHip: dorsal hippocampus; vHip: ventral hippocampus; 5-HT: serotonin; 5-HIAA: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; DA: dopamine; HVA: homovanillic acid; MHPG: 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol; NE: norepinephrine; PB: pyridostigmine bromide; PM: permethrin; DEET: N,N-Diethyl-methylbenzamide; DFP: diisopropylfluorophosphate; CORT: corticosterone LNFPIII: lacto-N-fucopentaose III.