. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2019 Dec 19;77:40–50. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.12.012

Table 1.

Brain monoamines and their metabolites in male C57BL6/J mice 6 h post chemicals exposure in Model 1 of Gulf War Illness.

Brain Region	Monoamine or Metabolite	Treatment
Brain Region	Monoamine or Metabolite	Vehicle –Vehicle	Vehicle –LNFPIII	PB/PM –Vehicle	PB/PM –LNFPIII

PFC	5-HT	1.28 ± 0.30	2.23 ± 0.56	1.51 ± 0.28	1.37 ± 0.29
	5-HIAA	2.51 ± 0.12	2.46 ± 0.19	2.79 ± 0.31	2.64 ± 0.27

	DA	0.37 ± 0.07	0.26 ± 0.13	0.52 ± 0.21	0.24 ± 0.11
	HVA	0.70 ± 0.27	0.43 ± 0.16	1.40 ± 0.48	0.65 ± 0.21

STR	5-HT	2.50 ± 0.48	3.02 ± 0.62	1.72 ± 0.39	3.05 ± 0.30
	5-HIAA	3.15 ± 0.47	2.55 ± 0.16	3.65 ± 0.46 ^a	3.68 ± 0.32 ^a

	DA	97.62 ± 2.91	106.60 ± 3.82	102.23 ± 6.36	95.02 ± 3.95
	HVA	9.03 ± 0.46	9.25 ± 0.53	11.63 ± 1.34^a	10.24 ± 0.53^a

AMY	5-HT	3.80 ± 0.81	4.37 ± 0.37	4.30 ± 0.60	3.39 ± 0.75
	5-HIAA	3.65 ± 0.43	3.49 ± 0.34	4.91 ± 0.42^a	4.25 ± 0.44^a

	DA	17.15 ± 3.79	25.01 ± 5.28	16.08 ± 4.44	19.02 ± 6.23
	HVA	2.79 ± 0.71	2.87 ± 0.27	2.79 ± 0.44	2.84 ± 0.67

dHip	5-HT	1.25 ± 0.33	1.69 ± 0.23	1.41 ± 0.22	1.59 ± 0.17
	5-HIAA	2.96 ± 0.22	3.32 ± 0.60	3.99 ± 0.44 ^a	4.36 ± 0.59 ^a

	DA	0.24 ± 0.08	0.26 ± 0.05	0.20 ± 0.06	0.14 ± 0.04
	HVA	0.15 ± 0.02	0.20 ± 0.04	0.25 ± 0.06	0.25 ± 0.08

Data are presented as mean ± SEM; unit: ng/mg protein; n= 6 per group.

^a, ^b or ^c indicate significant main effect for GWI treatment (PB/PM), LNFPIII treatment or Treatment (GWI x LNFPIII) interaction, respectively, after a two-way ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05) and are bolded.

Italicized values indicate trend (p < 0.10) for main effect. Abbreviations: PFC: prefrontal cortex; NAc: nucleus accumbens; STR: striatum; AMY: amygdala; dHip: dorsal hippocampus; vHip: ventral hippocampus; 5-HT: serotonin; 5-HIAA: 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid; DA: dopamine; HVA: homovanillic acid; PB: pyridostigmine bromide; PM: permethrin; LNFPIII: lacto-N-fucopentaose III.