Table 2.
Time to pregnancy by urine-measureda opioid use among all women enrolled in the EAGeR cohort
| Opioid use exposure | N, exposed and unexposedb | N (%), pregnancies | Unadjusted FOR (95% CI)c | Adjusted FOR (95% CI)d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1228 | 797 (65) | ||
| At baseline | ||||
| Negative | 1124 | 742 (66) | Reference | Reference |
| Positive | 87 | 43 (49) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.98) | 0.71 (0.50, 1.0) |
| Any time before conception | ||||
| Negative | 1108 | 732 (66) | Reference | Reference |
| Positive | 110 | 58 (53) | 0.72 (0.54, 0.96) | 0.75 (0.55, 1.0) |
FOR, fecundability odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Includes oxycodone, hydrocodone, noroxycodone, oxymorphone, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, morphine, desomorphine, heroin, levorphanol, thebaine, tramadol, and fentanyl.
Numbers include participants with measured data. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing exposure and covariate information, thus all 1228 participants were included in analyses of FOR.
From discrete time Cox proportional hazard models accounting for right censoring and left truncation.
Adjusted for age, race, body mass index, education level, physical activity, smoking frequency, alcohol use frequency, urine-measured or self-reported marijuana use, urine-measured or self-reported antidepressant use, gynecological indication for opioid use, severity of abdominal cramping and lower backache during menstrual periods, time since a woman’s last pregnancy, and number of prior pregnancy losses.