Table 3.
Live birth incidence by urine-measureda opioid use among women with complete follow-up in the EAGeR cohort, weighted to account for loss to follow-up
| Opioid use exposure | N, exposed and unexposedb | N (%), live births | Unadjusted RR (95% CI)c | Adjusted RR (95% CI)d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1088 | 597 (55) | ||
| At baseline | ||||
| Negative | 1008 | 557 (55) | Reference | Reference |
| Positive | 66 | 32 (49) | 0.82 (0.65, 1.0) | 0.87 (0.63, 1.2) |
| Any time before conception | ||||
| Negative | 992 | 551 (56) | Reference | Reference |
| Positive | 89 | 42 (47) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.0) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.2) |
RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval.
Includes oxycodone, hydrocodone, noroxycodone, oxymorphone, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydromorphone, morphine, desomorphine, heroin, levorphanol, thebaine, tramadol, and fentanyl.
Numbers include participants with measured data. Multiple imputation was used to account for missing exposure and covariate information, thus all 1088 participants with complete follow-up were included in analyses of RR.
From Poisson regression models.
Adjusted for age, race, body mass index, education level, physical activity, smoking frequency, alcohol use frequency, urine-measured or self-reported marijuana use, urine-measured or self-reported antidepressant use, gynecological indication for opioid use, severity of abdominal cramping and lower backache during menstrual periods, time since a woman’s last pregnancy, and number of prior pregnancy losses.