Table 1. Demographics and clinical characteristics of primary cohort.
Statistical analyses of primary cohort demographics include comparisons between COVID-19 and healthy groups for age, sex, and ethnicity using a multinomial logistic regression that includes the variation from influenza-infected individuals. Comparisons between COVID-19 and influenza groups were assessed using a multivariate logistic regression that included demographic and clinical variables but without including variation from the healthy group, as clinical characteristics were irrelevant to healthy controls. Results are reported as the corresponding P value and, when significant, include the odds ratio (OR). COVID-19 serves as the reference condition in all analyses, “African American” serves as the reference for ethnicity comparisons, and the negative indication serves as the reference for all categorical clinical characteristics. A significant OR > 1 indicates a positive association between the comparator group and the variable (e.g., healthy individuals were more likely to self-identify as Caucasian than patients with SARS-CoV-2), whereas a significant OR < 1 indicates a negative association (e.g., influenza-infected patients were likely to be younger than patients with SARS-CoV-2). The “immunocompromised” comorbidity was not included in the logistic regression due to complete separation across conditions and was instead tested using Fisher’s exact test. P values were adjusted for multiple testing by controlling the false discovery rate. SD denotes standard deviation, and IQR denotes interquartile range. N.S., not significant.
|
SARS-CoV-2 (n = 79) |
Healthy control (n = 16) |
Influenza (n = 26) |
COVID-19–healthy comparison |
COVID-19– influenza comparison |
|
| Demographics | |||||
| Means ± SD (range) age, in years | 61 ± 15 (25–89) | 32 ± 7 (22–49) | 42 ± 17 (18–89) | P < 0.001, OR = 0.85 | P = 0.007, OR = 0.93 |
| Female | 44% (35/44) | 50% (8/8) | 58% (15/26) | P = 1, N.S. | P = 1, N.S. |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| African American | 80% (63/79) | 44% (7/16) | 65% (17/26) | – | – |
| White | 18% (14/79) | 56% (9/16) | 27% (7/26) | P < 0.05, OR = 9.59 | P = 0.718, N.S. |
| Other | <3% (2/79) | 0% (0/16) | 8% (2/26) | – | P = 1, N.S. |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Mean (IQR) symptom duration at study enrollment, in days |
6.4 (3–9) | 4.1 (2–7) | P = 0.229, N.S. | ||
| Hospital admission | 90% (71/79) | 58% (15/26) | P = 0.229, N.S. | ||
| ICU admission | 56% (44/79) | 35% (9/26) | P = 0.285, N.S. | ||
| Intubation and mechanical ventilation |
44% (35/79) | 27% (7/26) | P = 0.285, N.S. | ||
| In-hospital death | 30% (24/79) | 8% (2/26) | P = 0.234, N.S. | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Immunocompromised | 6% (5/79) | 0% (0/26) | P = 0.33, N.S. | ||
| Chronic lung disease | 34% (27/79) | 42% (11/26) | P = 0.682, N.S. | ||
| Chronic heart failure | 13% (10/79) | 23% (6/26) | P = 0.101, N.S. | ||
| End-stage renal failure | 5% (4/79) | 8% (2/26) | P = 0.582, N.S. | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 43% (34/79) | 27% (7/26) | P = 0.628, N.S. | ||
| Active cancer | 6% (5/79) | 8% (2/26) | P = 0.234, N.S. |